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<p>Glucoraphanin (GR) and sulforaphane (SFN) are sulfur-containing compounds with diverse medicinal applications. However, cruciferous vegetables are a single source of GR and SFN, which limits development and utilization in natural resources. Herein, amino acid covalent organic framework (COF-Cys) was synthesized via click reactions and employed as an adsorbent in online solid-phase extraction (online SPE) to determine GR and SFN in non-edible plant samples. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed using density functional theory, revealing that adsorption occurred via electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity (4–2500&#xa0;ng/mL; <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.9922 and 0.9968) and lower limits of detection (1.0&#xa0;ng/mL and 0.6&#xa0;ng/mL) were observed. GR and SFN were found in 18 non-edible plant samples, and recoveries of spiked samples were 89.1–109.3% with RSD ≤ 6.9%. The COF-Cys–online SPE–UPLC-MS/MS approach displays great potential for application to detect GR and SFN in non-edible plants and provide valuable support for the development of functional products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Online solid-phase extraction of glucoraphanin and sulforaphane from non-edible plants based on amino acid-functionalized covalent organic frameworks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Yingchao Lv,
  • Rongyu Wang,
  • Tao Li,
  • Heli Cheng,
  • Ibragimov Aziz Bakhtiyarovich,
  • Adizov Bobirjon Zamirovich,
  • Iftikhar Ali,
  • Wenhua Ji

摘要

Glucoraphanin (GR) and sulforaphane (SFN) are sulfur-containing compounds with diverse medicinal applications. However, cruciferous vegetables are a single source of GR and SFN, which limits development and utilization in natural resources. Herein, amino acid covalent organic framework (COF-Cys) was synthesized via click reactions and employed as an adsorbent in online solid-phase extraction (online SPE) to determine GR and SFN in non-edible plant samples. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed using density functional theory, revealing that adsorption occurred via electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity (4–2500 ng/mL; R2 = 0.9922 and 0.9968) and lower limits of detection (1.0 ng/mL and 0.6 ng/mL) were observed. GR and SFN were found in 18 non-edible plant samples, and recoveries of spiked samples were 89.1–109.3% with RSD ≤ 6.9%. The COF-Cys–online SPE–UPLC-MS/MS approach displays great potential for application to detect GR and SFN in non-edible plants and provide valuable support for the development of functional products.

Graphical Abstract