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<p> A&#xa0;simple metal-free electrochemical immunosensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene acid (NGA) for the detection of 25-hydroxy vitamin D<sub>3</sub> (25-OH D<sub>3</sub>)&#xa0;is presented. The use of NGA, with its well-defined chemical composition, high density of carboxyl functional groups, and excellent biocompatibility, provided a stable and efficient platform for biomolecule immobilization without the need for complex surface modifications. The proposed immunosensor demonstrated high sensitivity (1.97 kΩ ng<sup>‒1</sup>&#xa0;mL&#xa0;cm<sup>‒2</sup>) and a working range of 3.96 to 48.83&#xa0;ng&#xa0;mL<sup>‒1</sup>, aligning with clinically relevant vitamin D levels. Moreover, the developed immunosensor exhibited excellent specificity, with minimal cross-reactivity and strong resistance to non-specific adsorption. Furthermore, it maintained stable electrochemical performance for up to 30&#xa0;days, demonstrating its suitability for practical applications. Compared to existing vitamin D sensors, our platform introduces a streamlined fabrication process that avoids heavy metals, improves reproducibility, and enhances accessibility for point-of-care diagnostics.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A label-free impedimetric immunosensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene acid for sensitive detection of vitamin D3

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Jakub Janek,
  • Zdenka Fohlerova,
  • Ivan Dědek,
  • Vítězslav Hrubý,
  • David Panáček,
  • Jaromir Hubalek,
  • Roman Havlík,
  • Radek Zbořil,
  • Michal Otyepka,
  • Petr Jakubec

摘要

A simple metal-free electrochemical immunosensor based on nitrogen-doped graphene acid (NGA) for the detection of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH D3) is presented. The use of NGA, with its well-defined chemical composition, high density of carboxyl functional groups, and excellent biocompatibility, provided a stable and efficient platform for biomolecule immobilization without the need for complex surface modifications. The proposed immunosensor demonstrated high sensitivity (1.97 kΩ ng‒1 mL cm‒2) and a working range of 3.96 to 48.83 ng mL‒1, aligning with clinically relevant vitamin D levels. Moreover, the developed immunosensor exhibited excellent specificity, with minimal cross-reactivity and strong resistance to non-specific adsorption. Furthermore, it maintained stable electrochemical performance for up to 30 days, demonstrating its suitability for practical applications. Compared to existing vitamin D sensors, our platform introduces a streamlined fabrication process that avoids heavy metals, improves reproducibility, and enhances accessibility for point-of-care diagnostics.

Graphical abstract