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<p>Sulfadimidine (SM2), a potentially carcinogenic sulfonamides,&#xa0;poses a threat to food safety. In this study,&#xa0;a portable electrochemical sensing platform integrated with a smartphone is developed for on-site sulfadimidine (SM2) detection. The electrode utilizes a flexible three-electrode system based on laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG), fabricated via CO₂ laser etching of polyimide (PI) film. The platform is wirelessly connected to a portable electrochemical workstation and smartphone via Bluetooth. Laser parameters, including power and etching depth, are optimized to improve electrochemical performance. The optimized LIPG electrode exhibits significantly improved sensitivity—2.87 and 10.87-fold higher than screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE), respectively—along with excellent stability (RSD &lt; 0.46% over 99 cycles) and a rapid 10&#xa0;s response time. Quantitative detection of SM2 demonstrates good linearity (3&#xa0;–&#xa0;110&#xa0;μM, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.999), with low limits of detection (LOD) of 0.03&#xa0;μM and quantification (LOQ) of 0.1&#xa0;μM. The method is validated in spiked beef (recovery 93.34%&#xa0;–&#xa0;103.70%) and milk (recovery 98.50%&#xa0;–&#xa0;100.80%), confirming its practical applicability. This work is novel in systematically linking laser processing parameters to LIPG electrochemical performance and significant in demonstrating a field-deployable, cost-effective, and smartphone-enabled strategy for monitoring SM2 residues.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Smartphone electrochemical sensor based on laser-induced graphene integrated electrode for on-site sulfadimidine detection in beef and milk

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月20日

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  • Qian Zeng,
  • Yangping Wen,
  • Weiqiang Li,
  • Hongyu Xiao,
  • Xiaoqin Fu,
  • Zhenna Shi,
  • Anna Li,
  • Jingye Liang,
  • Chaoli Tan,
  • Qihua Xu,
  • Kaijie Tang

摘要

Sulfadimidine (SM2), a potentially carcinogenic sulfonamides, poses a threat to food safety. In this study, a portable electrochemical sensing platform integrated with a smartphone is developed for on-site sulfadimidine (SM2) detection. The electrode utilizes a flexible three-electrode system based on laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG), fabricated via CO₂ laser etching of polyimide (PI) film. The platform is wirelessly connected to a portable electrochemical workstation and smartphone via Bluetooth. Laser parameters, including power and etching depth, are optimized to improve electrochemical performance. The optimized LIPG electrode exhibits significantly improved sensitivity—2.87 and 10.87-fold higher than screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE), respectively—along with excellent stability (RSD < 0.46% over 99 cycles) and a rapid 10 s response time. Quantitative detection of SM2 demonstrates good linearity (3 – 110 μM, R2 = 0.999), with low limits of detection (LOD) of 0.03 μM and quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 μM. The method is validated in spiked beef (recovery 93.34% – 103.70%) and milk (recovery 98.50% – 100.80%), confirming its practical applicability. This work is novel in systematically linking laser processing parameters to LIPG electrochemical performance and significant in demonstrating a field-deployable, cost-effective, and smartphone-enabled strategy for monitoring SM2 residues.

Graphical abstract