<p>Recent developments in wearable technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) have created an adequate basis for sensor systems that can identify a wide range of chemical or biological agents. However, the rapid advancement of these devices has exacerbated power supply issues, particularly the need for renewable and efficient energy sources. Triboelectric nanogenerators have supplied the definitive solution to the difficulty of portable self-powered gadgets. The remarkable thermal, electrical, and mechanical characteristics of carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots, and graphitic carbon nitride are utilized by the devices to enhance triboelectric efficiency, practicality, flexibility, and electrical output. Exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal capabilities are exhibited by these nanoparticles. A comprehensive analysis of current advancements in the applications of carbon nanomaterials in triboelectric nanogenerator-based sensor systems is provided in this article. The function of these nanomaterials in enhancing sensing capabilities and power supply mechanisms for the detection of chemical and biological contaminants is primarily examined in this review. The recent advanced applications of carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots, and graphitic carbon nitride in triboelectric nanogenerator-based sensor systems for chemical or biological detection are discussed from the perspective of the development of power supply or sensing mechanisms.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>