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<p>Early detection of dengue virus (DENV) is crucial for effective disease control and reducing severe complications. Among its four serotypes, DENV2 is strongly associated with severe outcomes, emphasizing the need for timely diagnosis. This study presents a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor based on hybrid graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)/ZnO nanocomposites for detecting DENV2 non-structural protein 1 (NS1), a key biomarker for early dengue diagnosis. The structural and morphological features of the nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, AFM, and XPS. The sensor was constructed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the synthesized g-C₃N₄/ ZnO nanocomposite, further functionalized with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxy succinimide ester (Pyr-NHS) for immobilizing the DENV2 NS1 antibody. The g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/ZnO nanocomposite’s excellent synergy, combining ZnO’s high electron mobility and g-C₃N₄’s superior catalytic properties, ensured enhanced sensitivity and rapid electron transfer. The biosensor exhibited an ultra-low detection limit of 1.004&#xa0;ng/mL and a wide linear range from 2 to 20&#xa0;μg&#xa0;mL<sup>−1</sup>, with a sensitivity of 0.58 μA μg mL<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> at a working potential of 0.1 to 0.9&#xa0;V, positioning it among the most efficient and cost-effective sensors reported. Selectivity studies confirmed its ability to distinguish NS1 protein from potential interferents, enabling reliable diagnostics in complex biological samples. This work highlights the potential of g-C₃N₄/ ZnO nanocomposites as an advanced platform for early dengue detection, supporting timely interventions and improving public health in endemic regions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Hybrid g-C₃N₄/ZnO nanocomposites for enhanced electrochemical detection of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) NS1 protein biomarker

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月23日

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  • Manikandan M.,
  • Dhanalakshmi C.,
  • Lakshmi Priya G.,
  • Manikandan E.,
  • Kiran Kumar Tadi

摘要

Early detection of dengue virus (DENV) is crucial for effective disease control and reducing severe complications. Among its four serotypes, DENV2 is strongly associated with severe outcomes, emphasizing the need for timely diagnosis. This study presents a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor based on hybrid graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)/ZnO nanocomposites for detecting DENV2 non-structural protein 1 (NS1), a key biomarker for early dengue diagnosis. The structural and morphological features of the nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, AFM, and XPS. The sensor was constructed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the synthesized g-C₃N₄/ ZnO nanocomposite, further functionalized with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxy succinimide ester (Pyr-NHS) for immobilizing the DENV2 NS1 antibody. The g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite’s excellent synergy, combining ZnO’s high electron mobility and g-C₃N₄’s superior catalytic properties, ensured enhanced sensitivity and rapid electron transfer. The biosensor exhibited an ultra-low detection limit of 1.004 ng/mL and a wide linear range from 2 to 20 μg mL−1, with a sensitivity of 0.58 μA μg mL−1 cm−2 at a working potential of 0.1 to 0.9 V, positioning it among the most efficient and cost-effective sensors reported. Selectivity studies confirmed its ability to distinguish NS1 protein from potential interferents, enabling reliable diagnostics in complex biological samples. This work highlights the potential of g-C₃N₄/ ZnO nanocomposites as an advanced platform for early dengue detection, supporting timely interventions and improving public health in endemic regions.

Graphical abstract