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<p> A&#xa0;novel photoelectrochemical&#xa0;determination method for norfloxacin (NOR) is presented&#xa0;using binary bismuth-based composites doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). By combining two bismuth-based materials, we developed a sensitive photoelectrochemical aptamer sensing platform in which the NOR-specific aptamer was immobilized on a binary bismuth-based composite doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). This platform utilizes a target-aptamer-specific recognition reaction to detect NOR levels. Spectral analysis of the bismuth composites indicated that the interaction between Bi₂Se₃ and Bi₂S₃ follows a ‘Type Z’ electron transfer pattern, while Au NPs enhance the signal through surface plasmon resonance effects. NOR was detected linearly over a range of 0.001 to 100&#xa0;ng/mL, with a detection limit of 1&#xa0;fg/mL. The method demonstrated excellent specificity and was successfully applied to determine NOR concentrations in spiked tap water and milk samples. Recovery ranged from 96.7 to 110.3%, with relative standard deviations not exceeding 2.3%. These findings suggest that the developed sensor has significant potential for detecting NOR in dairy products and domestic water sources.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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High-sensitivity detection of norfloxacin in milk and water: a bismuth-based photoelectrochemical aptasensing platform

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月3日

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  • Haonan Li,
  • Xinan Zhang,
  • Haonan Zhang,
  • Shuang Cai,
  • Longshan Zhao

摘要

A novel photoelectrochemical determination method for norfloxacin (NOR) is presented using binary bismuth-based composites doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). By combining two bismuth-based materials, we developed a sensitive photoelectrochemical aptamer sensing platform in which the NOR-specific aptamer was immobilized on a binary bismuth-based composite doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). This platform utilizes a target-aptamer-specific recognition reaction to detect NOR levels. Spectral analysis of the bismuth composites indicated that the interaction between Bi₂Se₃ and Bi₂S₃ follows a ‘Type Z’ electron transfer pattern, while Au NPs enhance the signal through surface plasmon resonance effects. NOR was detected linearly over a range of 0.001 to 100 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 1 fg/mL. The method demonstrated excellent specificity and was successfully applied to determine NOR concentrations in spiked tap water and milk samples. Recovery ranged from 96.7 to 110.3%, with relative standard deviations not exceeding 2.3%. These findings suggest that the developed sensor has significant potential for detecting NOR in dairy products and domestic water sources.

Graphical Abstract