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<p> A visible light–driven photoelectrochemical&#xa0;(PEC) sensor based on copper phthalocyanine-sensitized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanotube arrays (CuPc/TiO<sub>2</sub> NTAs) was successfully fabricated and applied to the detection of hexavalent chromium&#xa0;(Cr(VI)) in aqueous environments. The CuPc/TiO<sub>2</sub> NTAs were synthesized via a combination of electrochemical anodization followed by high-vacuum thermal evaporation deposition, providing precise control over the structural and optical properties of the material. Compared with pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> NTAs, the introduction of CuPc not only enhanced visible-light harvesting and charge separation but also improved specific Cr(VI) adsorption, thereby significantly improving the sensitivity and selectivity for Cr(VI) detection. Under optimized conditions, the developed PEC sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance, including a broad linear detection range (0.01–80&#xa0;µM) and a low detection limit of 0.0056&#xa0;µM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the sensor displayed superior reproducibility with a maximum relative standard deviation of 6.1%, remarkable selectivity, and exceptional long-term stability. Practical feasibility was further demonstrated by successfully detecting Cr(VI) ions in environmental water samples (lake, river, and tap water), achieving satisfactory recoveries of 90%–116%. Overall, the CuPc/TiO<sub>2</sub> NTA-based PEC sensor represents a robust, cost-effective, and highly promising tool for rapid, selective, and sensitive environmental monitoring of Cr(VI), providing new insights into advanced PEC sensor design and environmental remediation strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Visible light–driven photoelectrochemical sensor based on CuPc/TiO2 nanotube arrays for ultrasensitive hexavalent chromium detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月13日

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  • Enhai Wang,
  • Yakang Li,
  • Lican He,
  • Xuewen Wu,
  • Jian Shu

摘要

A visible light–driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on copper phthalocyanine-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays (CuPc/TiO2 NTAs) was successfully fabricated and applied to the detection of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in aqueous environments. The CuPc/TiO2 NTAs were synthesized via a combination of electrochemical anodization followed by high-vacuum thermal evaporation deposition, providing precise control over the structural and optical properties of the material. Compared with pristine TiO2 NTAs, the introduction of CuPc not only enhanced visible-light harvesting and charge separation but also improved specific Cr(VI) adsorption, thereby significantly improving the sensitivity and selectivity for Cr(VI) detection. Under optimized conditions, the developed PEC sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance, including a broad linear detection range (0.01–80 µM) and a low detection limit of 0.0056 µM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the sensor displayed superior reproducibility with a maximum relative standard deviation of 6.1%, remarkable selectivity, and exceptional long-term stability. Practical feasibility was further demonstrated by successfully detecting Cr(VI) ions in environmental water samples (lake, river, and tap water), achieving satisfactory recoveries of 90%–116%. Overall, the CuPc/TiO2 NTA-based PEC sensor represents a robust, cost-effective, and highly promising tool for rapid, selective, and sensitive environmental monitoring of Cr(VI), providing new insights into advanced PEC sensor design and environmental remediation strategies.

Graphical Abstract