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<p> A&#xa0;simple and cost-effective methodology for manufacturing a portable electroanalytical device is reported. The device is based on a graphite/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) paper-based electrode coupled to a miniaturized 3D-printed electrochemical cell (3DEC). The 3DEC was designed to ensure the reproducibility of the system by delimitating the paper-based graphite electrode (PGE) area. The disposable PGE was fabricated by paint-brushing a conductive ink based on graphite powder and toluene-free PVC glue, onto a kraft paper. Different weight proportions (wt%) of graphite/PVC were evaluated regarding mechanical stability and electrochemical behavior. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis in the presence of the [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−/4−</sup> redox probe has shown that as the wt% of graphite in the ink increased from 50 to 90%, a clear decrease in peak potential separation (Δ<i>E</i><sub>p</sub>) and increase in current are observed, indicating an improvement in charge transfer kinetics. However, 90 wt% graphite electrodes have shown poor adhesion to the substrate and easy leaching due to the small amount of PVC (binder). Therefore, the best PGE was achieved using 80:20 wt% graphite/PVC ink (PGE8020). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping revealed a rugous and more uniform deposition of the conductive ink containing 80 wt% graphite. As a proof of concept, the graphite/PVC ink-based disposable electrodes were employed for the detection of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (3-NLT) in synthetic urine samples, showing a detection limit of 2.85&#xa0;μmol L<sup>−1</sup>, and %recovery in synthetic urine between 97 and 109%, highlighting the reliability and applicability of the proposed approach.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Simple graphite/PVC ink-designed paper-based electrodes integrated with a 3D-printed electrochemical device for affordable analyses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月26日

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  • Gleidson Thiago Sá Araújo,
  • Lucas Costa Faustino,
  • Rejane Maria Pereira Silva,
  • Welter Cantanhêde,
  • Everson Thiago Santos Gerôncio

摘要

A simple and cost-effective methodology for manufacturing a portable electroanalytical device is reported. The device is based on a graphite/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) paper-based electrode coupled to a miniaturized 3D-printed electrochemical cell (3DEC). The 3DEC was designed to ensure the reproducibility of the system by delimitating the paper-based graphite electrode (PGE) area. The disposable PGE was fabricated by paint-brushing a conductive ink based on graphite powder and toluene-free PVC glue, onto a kraft paper. Different weight proportions (wt%) of graphite/PVC were evaluated regarding mechanical stability and electrochemical behavior. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis in the presence of the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox probe has shown that as the wt% of graphite in the ink increased from 50 to 90%, a clear decrease in peak potential separation (ΔEp) and increase in current are observed, indicating an improvement in charge transfer kinetics. However, 90 wt% graphite electrodes have shown poor adhesion to the substrate and easy leaching due to the small amount of PVC (binder). Therefore, the best PGE was achieved using 80:20 wt% graphite/PVC ink (PGE8020). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping revealed a rugous and more uniform deposition of the conductive ink containing 80 wt% graphite. As a proof of concept, the graphite/PVC ink-based disposable electrodes were employed for the detection of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (3-NLT) in synthetic urine samples, showing a detection limit of 2.85 μmol L−1, and %recovery in synthetic urine between 97 and 109%, highlighting the reliability and applicability of the proposed approach.

Graphical Abstract