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<p>Long-term creep deformation of deep rock masses is a critical factor controlling the long-term stability of deep geotechnical engineering. However, most existing rock creep models cannot fully characterize the dynamic competitive coupling between hardening and damage effects, and perform poorly in describing the nonlinear accelerated creep stage. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a novel hardening-damage competitive coupled creep model for rock. Independent evolution equations are constructed for the hardening effect (driven by pore compaction and particle interlocking) and the damage effect (caused by microcrack initiation and coalescence). A dimensionless competition factor <i>R</i>(<i>t</i>) is introduced to identify the dominant mechanism at each creep stage, and a fully explicit closed-form constitutive equation covering the full creep process is derived, with all parameters endowed with clear physical meanings. Triaxial compression and creep tests are conducted on rock samples from the Anshan mining area under confining pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20&#xa0;MPa. The results show that confining pressure acts as a core regulatory factor for rock creep behaviors. The proposed model achieves excellent agreement with experimental data, with all correlation coefficients above 0.95. Compared with the traditional Nishihara model that only describes primary and steady-stable creep, the proposed model accurately captures the nonlinear deformation of the accelerated creep stage by incorporating the hardening-damage competitive coupling mechanism. The evolution of the hardening coefficient <i>K</i><sub><i>H</i></sub>(<i>t</i>) and damage coefficient <i>K</i><sub><i>D</i></sub>(<i>t</i>) quantitatively verifies the three-stage competitive mechanism, confirming that rock long-term strength is the critical equilibrium stress between hardening and damage. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for long-term stability evaluation and support design optimization of surrounding rock in deep geotechnical engineering.</p>

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Hardening-Damage Competing Coupled Rock Creep Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Wenbo Liu,
  • Shuguang Zhang,
  • Shutian Zhao,
  • Hongliang Tu,
  • ingjie Xia,
  • Dipeng Zhu,
  • Wenwu Ou

摘要

Long-term creep deformation of deep rock masses is a critical factor controlling the long-term stability of deep geotechnical engineering. However, most existing rock creep models cannot fully characterize the dynamic competitive coupling between hardening and damage effects, and perform poorly in describing the nonlinear accelerated creep stage. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a novel hardening-damage competitive coupled creep model for rock. Independent evolution equations are constructed for the hardening effect (driven by pore compaction and particle interlocking) and the damage effect (caused by microcrack initiation and coalescence). A dimensionless competition factor R(t) is introduced to identify the dominant mechanism at each creep stage, and a fully explicit closed-form constitutive equation covering the full creep process is derived, with all parameters endowed with clear physical meanings. Triaxial compression and creep tests are conducted on rock samples from the Anshan mining area under confining pressures of 5, 10, 15 and 20 MPa. The results show that confining pressure acts as a core regulatory factor for rock creep behaviors. The proposed model achieves excellent agreement with experimental data, with all correlation coefficients above 0.95. Compared with the traditional Nishihara model that only describes primary and steady-stable creep, the proposed model accurately captures the nonlinear deformation of the accelerated creep stage by incorporating the hardening-damage competitive coupling mechanism. The evolution of the hardening coefficient KH(t) and damage coefficient KD(t) quantitatively verifies the three-stage competitive mechanism, confirming that rock long-term strength is the critical equilibrium stress between hardening and damage. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for long-term stability evaluation and support design optimization of surrounding rock in deep geotechnical engineering.