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<p>Rock blasting excavation generally involves the coordinated action of multiple boreholes, and the drilling pattern significantly affects blast performance. As a key parameter controlling the spatial distribution of blasting loads, the borehole layout directly influences excavation profile quality and the efficiency of explosive energy utilization. In this study, a multi-hole blasting experimental system under initial stress conditions was established, and model blasting tests were conducted using triangular drilling pattern (TDP) and rectangular drilling pattern (RDP). A 3D blast crater characterization and volume calculation method based on point cloud analysis was developed, while fragmentation characteristics were evaluated using image recognition technology. In addition, a numerical model was established to investigate damage evolution under different initial stress conditions for the two drilling patterns, and blasting performance was analyzed from the perspective of burden and spacing optimization. The results show that multi-hole blasting produces a multi-conical composite crater. Under the RDP, localized regions with relatively small crater depths were observed between diagonally adjacent boreholes, indicating insufficient superposition of blasting energy. The TDP produced a larger fragmented volume per borehole and smaller fragment sizes. In contrast, the RDP exhibited pronounced weak stress wave superposition zones that tended to generate low-damage regions and coarse fragments; these deficiencies could not be effectively mitigated through burden and spacing optimization alone. The TDP demonstrated superior fragmentation performance under low-to-moderate stress conditions (<i>σ</i> &lt; 12 MPa) and greater flexibility in balancing coarse fragment reduction and fines control. Field tests further verified the rock-breaking advantages of the TDP under different in situ stress conditions. Compared with the RDP, the TDP produced smaller and more uniformly distributed fragments, and provided favorable free-surface conditions for tunnel blasting.</p>

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Fragmentation Performance and Mechanisms of Different Drilling Pattern in Multi-hole Blasting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Yuanquan Xu,
  • Ming Tao,
  • Zhixian Hong,
  • Rui Zhao,
  • Haibo Li,
  • Xibing Li

摘要

Rock blasting excavation generally involves the coordinated action of multiple boreholes, and the drilling pattern significantly affects blast performance. As a key parameter controlling the spatial distribution of blasting loads, the borehole layout directly influences excavation profile quality and the efficiency of explosive energy utilization. In this study, a multi-hole blasting experimental system under initial stress conditions was established, and model blasting tests were conducted using triangular drilling pattern (TDP) and rectangular drilling pattern (RDP). A 3D blast crater characterization and volume calculation method based on point cloud analysis was developed, while fragmentation characteristics were evaluated using image recognition technology. In addition, a numerical model was established to investigate damage evolution under different initial stress conditions for the two drilling patterns, and blasting performance was analyzed from the perspective of burden and spacing optimization. The results show that multi-hole blasting produces a multi-conical composite crater. Under the RDP, localized regions with relatively small crater depths were observed between diagonally adjacent boreholes, indicating insufficient superposition of blasting energy. The TDP produced a larger fragmented volume per borehole and smaller fragment sizes. In contrast, the RDP exhibited pronounced weak stress wave superposition zones that tended to generate low-damage regions and coarse fragments; these deficiencies could not be effectively mitigated through burden and spacing optimization alone. The TDP demonstrated superior fragmentation performance under low-to-moderate stress conditions (σ < 12 MPa) and greater flexibility in balancing coarse fragment reduction and fines control. Field tests further verified the rock-breaking advantages of the TDP under different in situ stress conditions. Compared with the RDP, the TDP produced smaller and more uniformly distributed fragments, and provided favorable free-surface conditions for tunnel blasting.