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<p>The failure of deep, high-stress surrounding rock and its anchoring structures under frequent dynamic disturbances significantly hinders the exploitation of deep coal resources. So, a self-developed creep-impact dynamic–static superposition testing system was employed to conduct combined loading tests on anchored rock masses subjected to cyclic impact disturbances. This study reveals the strength degradation characteristics of rock masses under varying impact cycle numbers and systematically investigates the damage evolution process and failure behaviors of anchored rock masses under high-stress conditions by adopting multi-modal monitoring methods, such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC), Acoustic Emission (AE), and Infrared Thermography (IR). The results indicate that: (1) Unanchored rock masses transition from localized spalling to complex tensile–shear failure as the number of impacts increases; conversely, anchored specimens exhibit a more gradual failure process due to the lateral constraint provided by the bolts. (2) AE signals show that a decrease in the <i>b</i><sub>i</sub>-value and a sharp increase in energy release are reliable precursors to macroscopic failure, and anchoring significantly reduces the cumulative energy release; (3) The instant of rock mass failure involves frictional heating of cracks, leading to localized temperature rise. The magnitude of temperature increase initially rises and then declines with successive impacts. Unanchored rock mass is prone to eject fragments and generate high-temperature zones with significant temperature rise, while anchored rock mass shows smaller temperature increases and less ejection, effectively suppressing the severity of failure. Furthermore, discrete element numerical simulations were performed to analyze internal fracture development, revealing the underlying damage mechanism. The simulations demonstrate that rock bolts effectively inhibit crack initiation and propagation, alter the failure mode, and substantially enhance overall structural stability. This study provides critical insights into the mechanisms of deep roadway instability and rockbursts, offering a theoretical foundation for the prevention of dynamic geological hazards.</p>

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Deterioration Behavior and Damage Mechanism of High-Stress Anchored Rock Mass Under Cyclic Impact Disturbance Loads

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Yunhao Wu,
  • Hanpeng Wang,
  • Guolei Liu,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Jiahui Song,
  • Jinhou Zhang,
  • Yuguo Zhou

摘要

The failure of deep, high-stress surrounding rock and its anchoring structures under frequent dynamic disturbances significantly hinders the exploitation of deep coal resources. So, a self-developed creep-impact dynamic–static superposition testing system was employed to conduct combined loading tests on anchored rock masses subjected to cyclic impact disturbances. This study reveals the strength degradation characteristics of rock masses under varying impact cycle numbers and systematically investigates the damage evolution process and failure behaviors of anchored rock masses under high-stress conditions by adopting multi-modal monitoring methods, such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC), Acoustic Emission (AE), and Infrared Thermography (IR). The results indicate that: (1) Unanchored rock masses transition from localized spalling to complex tensile–shear failure as the number of impacts increases; conversely, anchored specimens exhibit a more gradual failure process due to the lateral constraint provided by the bolts. (2) AE signals show that a decrease in the bi-value and a sharp increase in energy release are reliable precursors to macroscopic failure, and anchoring significantly reduces the cumulative energy release; (3) The instant of rock mass failure involves frictional heating of cracks, leading to localized temperature rise. The magnitude of temperature increase initially rises and then declines with successive impacts. Unanchored rock mass is prone to eject fragments and generate high-temperature zones with significant temperature rise, while anchored rock mass shows smaller temperature increases and less ejection, effectively suppressing the severity of failure. Furthermore, discrete element numerical simulations were performed to analyze internal fracture development, revealing the underlying damage mechanism. The simulations demonstrate that rock bolts effectively inhibit crack initiation and propagation, alter the failure mode, and substantially enhance overall structural stability. This study provides critical insights into the mechanisms of deep roadway instability and rockbursts, offering a theoretical foundation for the prevention of dynamic geological hazards.