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<p>Subsea tunnels often intersect faulted, water-rich strata where excavation and seismic disturbance can trigger water and mud inrush. We develop a low water absorption, fluid–solid coupling similar material and validate it in a geomechanical model of the Second Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel. This study selected river sand as aggregate, iron powder as fine particle material, white cement and gypsum as binders, and a fluid–solid coupling similar material was developed through L16 (4^4) orthogonal tests. Target indices were bulk density, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, tensile strength, permeability, and water absorption. The materials achieved ranges: bulk density 24.76–27.96 kN/m<sup>3</sup>, compressive strength 0.69–2.12&#xa0;MPa, elastic modulus 416–1204&#xa0;MPa, tensile strength 0.12–0.19&#xa0;MPa, permeability 0.24 × 10<sup>–8</sup>–15.99 × 10<sup>–8</sup>&#xa0;m/s, and water absorption 0.09–0.18. Sensitivity analysis shows that the iron powder-to-river sand ratio dominates density, stiffness, strength, permeability, and absorption; white cement provides secondary control, water has a moderate effect, and gypsum is minor. With similarity ratios <i>α</i><sub><i>L</i></sub> = 100 and <i>α</i><sub>γ</sub> = 1, we selected mixes matching surrounding rock and fractured fault rock and built a 1 m<sup>3</sup> model with coupled seepage and dynamic loading. Under a 20&#xa0;cm water head and 5&#xa0;Hz sinusoidal shaking for 10&#xa0;s with peak accelerations 0.65–5.77&#xa0;m/s<sup>2</sup> (intensities VI-IX), seepage pressure and stress responded periodically, and the vault were most affected. Peak vault seepage increased by 18%, 57%, 196%, and 321% from VI to IX, and strong shaking-initiated water and mud inrush in the fractured zone. The materials and protocol provide a practical, repeatable basis for mechanism studies and safer construction.</p>

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Development and Validation of Similar Materials for Model Tests of Subsea Tunnel Water Inrush Under Dynamic Loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Binghua Zhou,
  • Zeyu Yu,
  • Yiguo Xue,
  • Fanmeng Kong,
  • Huimin Gong,
  • Zhanying Ju,
  • Yi Han

摘要

Subsea tunnels often intersect faulted, water-rich strata where excavation and seismic disturbance can trigger water and mud inrush. We develop a low water absorption, fluid–solid coupling similar material and validate it in a geomechanical model of the Second Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel. This study selected river sand as aggregate, iron powder as fine particle material, white cement and gypsum as binders, and a fluid–solid coupling similar material was developed through L16 (4^4) orthogonal tests. Target indices were bulk density, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, tensile strength, permeability, and water absorption. The materials achieved ranges: bulk density 24.76–27.96 kN/m3, compressive strength 0.69–2.12 MPa, elastic modulus 416–1204 MPa, tensile strength 0.12–0.19 MPa, permeability 0.24 × 10–8–15.99 × 10–8 m/s, and water absorption 0.09–0.18. Sensitivity analysis shows that the iron powder-to-river sand ratio dominates density, stiffness, strength, permeability, and absorption; white cement provides secondary control, water has a moderate effect, and gypsum is minor. With similarity ratios αL = 100 and αγ = 1, we selected mixes matching surrounding rock and fractured fault rock and built a 1 m3 model with coupled seepage and dynamic loading. Under a 20 cm water head and 5 Hz sinusoidal shaking for 10 s with peak accelerations 0.65–5.77 m/s2 (intensities VI-IX), seepage pressure and stress responded periodically, and the vault were most affected. Peak vault seepage increased by 18%, 57%, 196%, and 321% from VI to IX, and strong shaking-initiated water and mud inrush in the fractured zone. The materials and protocol provide a practical, repeatable basis for mechanism studies and safer construction.