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<p>Despite the prevalence of tensile cracks at the crest of anti-dip rock slopes, their role in earthquake-induced instability remains poorly understood, with prior research predominantly focused on static conditions. To bridge this gap, model tests and complementary numerical analysis were conducted to elucidate the role of crest cracks in dynamic responses and failure mechanism. Two models—one intact and one with a crest crack—were tested by shaking table tests, within which the dynamic characteristics, acceleration amplification, displacement evolution, and failure progression were systematically captured. Results reveal that the slope with crack exhibits larger damage coefficient than its intact counterpart, and empirical equations quantifying the damage evolution are established. The acceleration amplification factor <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M_{{{\text{PGA}}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mtext>PGA</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the slope without crack is greater under 0.1–0.3&#xa0;g earthquakes, whereas the opposite holds at or above 0.4&#xa0;g. Meanwhile, the <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M_{{{\text{PGA}}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mtext>PGA</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of both slopes first increases and then decreases as acceleration amplitude grows, with critical amplitudes of 0.4&#xa0;g for the slope with crack and 0.3&#xa0;g for the intact counterpart. The slope without crest crack presents single-level flexural toppling failure, the cracked slope develops multi-level sliding due to crack propagation, shoulder collapse, and secondary slip plane formation. Numerical analyses further demonstrate that crack inclination and depth markedly affect failure mechanisms, while the relative position of the crest crack poses a minor influence. These findings might facilitate seismic design and reinforcement of anti-dip slopes with crest cracks.</p>

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Role of Crack in Earthquake-Induced Anti-dip Rock Slope Instability: Insights from Shaking Table Test and Numerical Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Po Cheng,
  • Manyu Wang,
  • Lizhou Wu,
  • Yao Hu,
  • Shunping Ren,
  • Xuejian Chen,
  • Yong Liu

摘要

Despite the prevalence of tensile cracks at the crest of anti-dip rock slopes, their role in earthquake-induced instability remains poorly understood, with prior research predominantly focused on static conditions. To bridge this gap, model tests and complementary numerical analysis were conducted to elucidate the role of crest cracks in dynamic responses and failure mechanism. Two models—one intact and one with a crest crack—were tested by shaking table tests, within which the dynamic characteristics, acceleration amplification, displacement evolution, and failure progression were systematically captured. Results reveal that the slope with crack exhibits larger damage coefficient than its intact counterpart, and empirical equations quantifying the damage evolution are established. The acceleration amplification factor \(M_{{{\text{PGA}}}}\) M PGA of the slope without crack is greater under 0.1–0.3 g earthquakes, whereas the opposite holds at or above 0.4 g. Meanwhile, the \(M_{{{\text{PGA}}}}\) M PGA of both slopes first increases and then decreases as acceleration amplitude grows, with critical amplitudes of 0.4 g for the slope with crack and 0.3 g for the intact counterpart. The slope without crest crack presents single-level flexural toppling failure, the cracked slope develops multi-level sliding due to crack propagation, shoulder collapse, and secondary slip plane formation. Numerical analyses further demonstrate that crack inclination and depth markedly affect failure mechanisms, while the relative position of the crest crack poses a minor influence. These findings might facilitate seismic design and reinforcement of anti-dip slopes with crest cracks.