<p>This study investigated the mechanisms of coal and gas outbursts under the dual disturbances of roadway excavation (simulated by cyclic loading) and external dynamic impact. A numerical investigation was conducted using the continuum‒discontinuum element method (CDEM) on the basis of a documented outburst case from the Xinzhuangzi Coal Mine. The reliability of the model was first validated against a physical simulation test, confirming its accuracy in reproducing key outburst characteristics. Parametric simulations were used to examine the effects of the cyclic load (frequency/amplitude) and impact load (intensity/number). The results show that outbursts consistently initiate at the upper right corner of the excavation face, forming a characteristic ‘small mouth, large cavity’. Increasing the intensity of either disturbance exacerbates the disaster: the stress concentration intensifies and shifts farther from the coal seam, the outburst initiation point moves leftward, and both the volume and the ejection velocity of coal increase significantly. The disaster-causing mechanism, which couples gas-driven damage with dual mechanical disturbances, was analyzed. Practical suggestions for mitigating such dynamic disasters are proposed, providing a reference for safer mining practices in gas-prone coal mines.</p>