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<p>Rock masses with distinct bedding structures are frequently encountered during deep-resource extraction and tunnel construction. These types of rocks exhibit significant differences in mechanical behaviors response under true triaxial stress conditions compared with isotropic rocks, showing complicated anisotropy and sensitivity to the stress state. This work systematically investigates the deformation behavior, acoustic emission evolution, rupture modes and strength characteristics of layered limestone. Results showed that with a given minimum principal stress (<i>σ</i><sub>3</sub>), the strength of the bedded limestone first increases and then decreases with increasing intermediate principal stress (<i>σ</i><sub>2</sub>), and under the conventional triaxial condition (<i>σ</i><sub>2</sub> = <i>σ</i><sub>3</sub>) increases with rising <i>σ</i><sub>3</sub>. Acoustic emission results indicate that <i>b </i>value evolution is strongly stress-path-dependent. Increasing confining pressure significantly delays the first pronounced post-peak stress drop, whereas variations in the <i>σ</i><sub>2</sub> exert a comparatively weaker influence. RA-AF characteristics further suggest stress-path-dependent fracture behavior: the fractions of tensile- and shear-type events, and their evolution with loading, vary with the stress state. Furthermore, by integrating Jaeger's and Drucker–Prager's criteria and introducing the harmonic parameter, an improved modified true triaxial strength criterion (MTJD) was proposed. The results show that this new model can accurately describe the shear strength characteristics of layered limestone in the plane direction. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and engineering references for deep-earth resource development and rock-mass stability design.</p>

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Mechanical Behavior, Rupture Characteristics, and Acoustic Emission Evolution of Bedding Limestone Under True Triaxial Stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Wang Jiang,
  • Jun Lu,
  • Heping Xie,
  • Ziyang Xiong,
  • Wensong Wang,
  • Haofei Chen

摘要

Rock masses with distinct bedding structures are frequently encountered during deep-resource extraction and tunnel construction. These types of rocks exhibit significant differences in mechanical behaviors response under true triaxial stress conditions compared with isotropic rocks, showing complicated anisotropy and sensitivity to the stress state. This work systematically investigates the deformation behavior, acoustic emission evolution, rupture modes and strength characteristics of layered limestone. Results showed that with a given minimum principal stress (σ3), the strength of the bedded limestone first increases and then decreases with increasing intermediate principal stress (σ2), and under the conventional triaxial condition (σ2 = σ3) increases with rising σ3. Acoustic emission results indicate that b value evolution is strongly stress-path-dependent. Increasing confining pressure significantly delays the first pronounced post-peak stress drop, whereas variations in the σ2 exert a comparatively weaker influence. RA-AF characteristics further suggest stress-path-dependent fracture behavior: the fractions of tensile- and shear-type events, and their evolution with loading, vary with the stress state. Furthermore, by integrating Jaeger's and Drucker–Prager's criteria and introducing the harmonic parameter, an improved modified true triaxial strength criterion (MTJD) was proposed. The results show that this new model can accurately describe the shear strength characteristics of layered limestone in the plane direction. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and engineering references for deep-earth resource development and rock-mass stability design.