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<p>Hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured rock is governed by the reactivation of pre-existing discontinuities, yet the partitioning between seismic and aseismic deformation remains poorly constrained. While acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is the industry standard for estimating the&#xa0;stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), significant uncertainties remain regarding the contribution of aseismic processes. To quantify this interplay, we conducted a meso-scale in situ experiment at the Kamioka Underground Laboratory, Japan, integrating three ground-truthed datasets: (1) 3D fracture geometry digitized from resin-impregnated cores; (2) a high-resolution AE catalog; and (3) Bayesian moment tensor (MT) solutions. We introduce a “Seismic Ratio” (<i>R</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>​) to quantify the spatial overlap between the seismically illuminated region and the&#xa0;physically validated fracture area. The analysis reveals extensive aseismic opening; the seismic ratio demonstrates that the seismically illuminated region represents only a fraction of the&#xa0;actual fluid-filled extent. This under-illumination is robust across grid scales and projection thresholds. Bayesian MT inversion demonstrates that AE sources are dominated by mixed-mode failure, providing quantitative evidence for hydroshearing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a planar 3D continuum model can reproduce the macroscopic breakdown timing and propagation pressure only when key parameters are treated as effective properties that implicitly account for system compliance and fracture roughness. This study provides a rare, ground-truthed benchmark for evaluating the limitations of AE-based imaging in defining the&#xa0;true hydraulic fracture geometry.</p>

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Anatomy of a Reactivated Hydraulic Fracture: An Integrated In Situ Study of Aseismic Slip, Source Mechanisms, and Model Validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Akira Fujimoto,
  • Takashi Danjo,
  • Hirokazu Fujii,
  • Tsuyoshi Ishida,
  • Tatsuya Yokoyama,
  • Tsutau Takeuchi

摘要

Hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured rock is governed by the reactivation of pre-existing discontinuities, yet the partitioning between seismic and aseismic deformation remains poorly constrained. While acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is the industry standard for estimating the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), significant uncertainties remain regarding the contribution of aseismic processes. To quantify this interplay, we conducted a meso-scale in situ experiment at the Kamioka Underground Laboratory, Japan, integrating three ground-truthed datasets: (1) 3D fracture geometry digitized from resin-impregnated cores; (2) a high-resolution AE catalog; and (3) Bayesian moment tensor (MT) solutions. We introduce a “Seismic Ratio” (Rs​) to quantify the spatial overlap between the seismically illuminated region and the physically validated fracture area. The analysis reveals extensive aseismic opening; the seismic ratio demonstrates that the seismically illuminated region represents only a fraction of the actual fluid-filled extent. This under-illumination is robust across grid scales and projection thresholds. Bayesian MT inversion demonstrates that AE sources are dominated by mixed-mode failure, providing quantitative evidence for hydroshearing. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a planar 3D continuum model can reproduce the macroscopic breakdown timing and propagation pressure only when key parameters are treated as effective properties that implicitly account for system compliance and fracture roughness. This study provides a rare, ground-truthed benchmark for evaluating the limitations of AE-based imaging in defining the true hydraulic fracture geometry.