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<p>Anchor bolt support technology is widely used in transportation tunnels, coal mining, and other geotechnical engineering applications to control surrounding rock and prevent disasters. However, most existing theories on anchor bolt support focus primarily on analyzing the overall support effects on tunnels, with limited attention given to the force mechanisms of the anchor bolts themselves. This study uses a high-speed railway tunnel model with a design speed of 350&#xa0;km/h in IV-class surrounding rock conditions to compare supported and unsupported tunnel scenarios. Physical model tests and finite–discrete element numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the stress-deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock in both supported and unsupported tunnels. The study aimed to reveal the load-bearing mechanisms of the anchor bolt support system and explore the action mechanism of full-length bonded anchor bolts from the perspectives of anchor bolt stress and surrounding rock deformation. A comprehensive evaluation method for anchor bolt support effectiveness was proposed, considering anchor bolt stress, surrounding rock deformation, and crack propagation. The results indicated that full-length bonded anchor bolts, through the bonding effect between the anchoring agent and the rock mass, transfer loads from shallow, loose surrounding rock to deeper, stable rock, effectively inhibiting collapse deformation in the shallow surrounding rock. Anchor bolts generate resistance only when relative movement occurs between the anchor body and the surrounding rock. The axial force and shear stress mechanisms in the anchor bolts are completely different, and the variations in these forces are related to surrounding rock failure locations. Using the internal force of the anchor bolts as a criterion for evaluating their supporting function, and based on displacement, stress, and crack distribution in the surrounding rock, a comprehensive stability evaluation of the support system was carried out. The results showed that the proposed method is highly applicable, providing clear and effective criteria for evaluating the performance of engineering anchor bolt support systems in practical applications.</p>

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Research on the Support Mechanism of Tunnel Anchor Bolt Based on Physical Model Experiments and Continuous–Discontinuous Theory

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Mingyi Wang,
  • Shaobo Chai,
  • Bo Hu,
  • Chen Xu,
  • Jiaming Wu,
  • Yongqiang Zhou,
  • Xiaodong Fu

摘要

Anchor bolt support technology is widely used in transportation tunnels, coal mining, and other geotechnical engineering applications to control surrounding rock and prevent disasters. However, most existing theories on anchor bolt support focus primarily on analyzing the overall support effects on tunnels, with limited attention given to the force mechanisms of the anchor bolts themselves. This study uses a high-speed railway tunnel model with a design speed of 350 km/h in IV-class surrounding rock conditions to compare supported and unsupported tunnel scenarios. Physical model tests and finite–discrete element numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the stress-deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock in both supported and unsupported tunnels. The study aimed to reveal the load-bearing mechanisms of the anchor bolt support system and explore the action mechanism of full-length bonded anchor bolts from the perspectives of anchor bolt stress and surrounding rock deformation. A comprehensive evaluation method for anchor bolt support effectiveness was proposed, considering anchor bolt stress, surrounding rock deformation, and crack propagation. The results indicated that full-length bonded anchor bolts, through the bonding effect between the anchoring agent and the rock mass, transfer loads from shallow, loose surrounding rock to deeper, stable rock, effectively inhibiting collapse deformation in the shallow surrounding rock. Anchor bolts generate resistance only when relative movement occurs between the anchor body and the surrounding rock. The axial force and shear stress mechanisms in the anchor bolts are completely different, and the variations in these forces are related to surrounding rock failure locations. Using the internal force of the anchor bolts as a criterion for evaluating their supporting function, and based on displacement, stress, and crack distribution in the surrounding rock, a comprehensive stability evaluation of the support system was carried out. The results showed that the proposed method is highly applicable, providing clear and effective criteria for evaluating the performance of engineering anchor bolt support systems in practical applications.