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<p>Time-delayed rockbursts in tunnels pose severe risks to construction and long-term operation safety. This study proposes and evaluates a novel self-expanding, energy-absorbing rock bolt (SEA-bolt), developed by integrating a self-expanding cement roll with an energy-absorbing compression-sleeve structure. The SEA-bolt’s design, reinforcement mechanisms, and energy-absorption principles are detailed, and its anchorage force, static tensile response, and dynamic impact performance are independently tested. The results indicate that: (1) the self-expanding cement roll increases anchorage force by an average of 79.9% relative to a conventional cement roll; (2) under static-tension and dynamic-impact loading, the SEA-bolt sustains deformations exceeding 1000&#xa0;mm, achieving static and dynamic energy-absorption capacities of 119.4&#xa0;kJ and 79.7&#xa0;kJ, respectively—both surpassing those of standard hollow bolts and most existing energy-absorbing systems; and (3) laboratory and field tests confirm that the SEA-bolt provides high anchorage strength, large deformation tolerance, substantial energy absorption, and robust stability. Given the mechanical and deformation characteristics associated with time-delayed rockbursts, the SEA-bolt shows strong potential as an effective reinforcement solution for their mitigation and control.</p>

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A New Sea-Bolt for Time-Delayed Rockbursts: Investigation of Anchorage Force and Energy-Absorption Characteristics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Zhiqiang Zhang,
  • Xingyu Zhu,
  • Chuanxiang Liu,
  • Li Tang

摘要

Time-delayed rockbursts in tunnels pose severe risks to construction and long-term operation safety. This study proposes and evaluates a novel self-expanding, energy-absorbing rock bolt (SEA-bolt), developed by integrating a self-expanding cement roll with an energy-absorbing compression-sleeve structure. The SEA-bolt’s design, reinforcement mechanisms, and energy-absorption principles are detailed, and its anchorage force, static tensile response, and dynamic impact performance are independently tested. The results indicate that: (1) the self-expanding cement roll increases anchorage force by an average of 79.9% relative to a conventional cement roll; (2) under static-tension and dynamic-impact loading, the SEA-bolt sustains deformations exceeding 1000 mm, achieving static and dynamic energy-absorption capacities of 119.4 kJ and 79.7 kJ, respectively—both surpassing those of standard hollow bolts and most existing energy-absorbing systems; and (3) laboratory and field tests confirm that the SEA-bolt provides high anchorage strength, large deformation tolerance, substantial energy absorption, and robust stability. Given the mechanical and deformation characteristics associated with time-delayed rockbursts, the SEA-bolt shows strong potential as an effective reinforcement solution for their mitigation and control.