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<p>Structural planes are critical features governing the mechanical behavior of rock masses. However, the intrinsic relationship between anisotropic mechanical response and the tensile–compressive failure mechanisms of composite rocks containing rough structural planes under complex stress conditions remains insufficiently understood. In this study, triaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests were performed on composite rocks containing a single continuous rough structural plane to systematically examine the influence of structural plane parameters on strength, deformation characteristics, and failure modes. Results from the triaxial tests reveal that both strength and deformation exhibit pronounced anisotropy. The peak strength and equivalent elastic modulus display a “U-shaped” dependence on the inclination angle of the structural plane, and increase with greater roughness and higher confining pressure. In contrast, the equivalent Poisson’s ratio exhibits an “inverted U-shaped” trend, decreasing with increasing roughness and confining pressure. The observed failure modes can be categorized into five types: Matrix Tensile Splitting Failure (MTF), Structural Plane Shear Slip Failure (SSF), Combined Failure (CF), Matrix Shear Failure (MSF), and Structural Plane Tensile Failure (STF). The Brazilian splitting tests further demonstrate that the splitting strength is also governed by the inclination angle and roughness of the structural plane, decreasing with increasing inclination while increasing with roughness. The corresponding failure patterns evolve progressively from matrix-dominated failure to composite failure and ultimately to structural-plane-dominated failure as inclination increases. Based on the triaxial test results, a strength-reduction model was developed to characterize the governing effects of structural plane parameters and confining pressure on load-bearing capacity. By integrating the findings from both testing methods, the failure mechanisms of composite rocks under compressive and tensile conditions, as well as their intrinsic interconnections, were elucidated.</p>

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Study on the Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Composite Rocks with Rough Structural Planes Under Triaxial Compression and Brazilian Splitting Tests

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Renliang Shan,
  • Nianzeng Liu,
  • Ziyue Zhao,
  • Peng Sun,
  • Mingyue Nie,
  • Jianlin Shen,
  • Haoyu Dou,
  • Yao Bai

摘要

Structural planes are critical features governing the mechanical behavior of rock masses. However, the intrinsic relationship between anisotropic mechanical response and the tensile–compressive failure mechanisms of composite rocks containing rough structural planes under complex stress conditions remains insufficiently understood. In this study, triaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests were performed on composite rocks containing a single continuous rough structural plane to systematically examine the influence of structural plane parameters on strength, deformation characteristics, and failure modes. Results from the triaxial tests reveal that both strength and deformation exhibit pronounced anisotropy. The peak strength and equivalent elastic modulus display a “U-shaped” dependence on the inclination angle of the structural plane, and increase with greater roughness and higher confining pressure. In contrast, the equivalent Poisson’s ratio exhibits an “inverted U-shaped” trend, decreasing with increasing roughness and confining pressure. The observed failure modes can be categorized into five types: Matrix Tensile Splitting Failure (MTF), Structural Plane Shear Slip Failure (SSF), Combined Failure (CF), Matrix Shear Failure (MSF), and Structural Plane Tensile Failure (STF). The Brazilian splitting tests further demonstrate that the splitting strength is also governed by the inclination angle and roughness of the structural plane, decreasing with increasing inclination while increasing with roughness. The corresponding failure patterns evolve progressively from matrix-dominated failure to composite failure and ultimately to structural-plane-dominated failure as inclination increases. Based on the triaxial test results, a strength-reduction model was developed to characterize the governing effects of structural plane parameters and confining pressure on load-bearing capacity. By integrating the findings from both testing methods, the failure mechanisms of composite rocks under compressive and tensile conditions, as well as their intrinsic interconnections, were elucidated.