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<p>Investigating the characteristics and mechanism of microwave cracking of hard rock in underwater environments is of great significance if this technique is to be safely and efficiently employed in the development of resources that are deep underground or beneath the sea. In this paper, a self-made sealed microwave antenna was adopted, and three hard rocks with different microwave sensivities were taken as the research objects to study the microwave cracking process and cracking mechanism of hard rocks in the underwater environment. Numerical simulations were also carried out to investigate the temperature and stress distributions generated inside the rocks when subjected to microwaves under different environmental conditions and working distances. The results show that all three types of rock suffered significant damage in an underwater environment. The sandstone mainly experiences spalling, while slate and granite samples mainly develop cracks. The results of acoustic emission (AE) tests showed that microwave-induced fractures were produced most rapidly in sandstone (27&#xa0;s). On the other hand, the granite underwent a longer period of energy accumulation before fracturing (138&#xa0;s). The cumulative AE count curves plotted for sandstone and slate showed step-like upward trends but that plotted for granite increased approximately linearly. Microwave pretreatment for 90&#xa0;s increased the cutting depth in sandstone by 85.6%, while 150&#xa0;s of irradiation improved granite’s cutting depth by 77.9% and slate’s cutting depth by 50.5%. The results of the numerical simulations show that significantly different temperature and stress distributions are produced on the surface and inside a rock when it is in a seawater rather than air environment. Furthermore, increasing the working distance significantly weakened the effect of the microwave radiation.</p>

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Investigation on the Fracture Characteristics and Mechanism of Hard Rock by Microwave Irradiation in Underwater Environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Feng Lin,
  • Xia-Ting Feng,
  • Tian-Yang Tong,
  • Zhen-Yu Yang,
  • Zi-Yang Wang,
  • Yu-Xi Liu

摘要

Investigating the characteristics and mechanism of microwave cracking of hard rock in underwater environments is of great significance if this technique is to be safely and efficiently employed in the development of resources that are deep underground or beneath the sea. In this paper, a self-made sealed microwave antenna was adopted, and three hard rocks with different microwave sensivities were taken as the research objects to study the microwave cracking process and cracking mechanism of hard rocks in the underwater environment. Numerical simulations were also carried out to investigate the temperature and stress distributions generated inside the rocks when subjected to microwaves under different environmental conditions and working distances. The results show that all three types of rock suffered significant damage in an underwater environment. The sandstone mainly experiences spalling, while slate and granite samples mainly develop cracks. The results of acoustic emission (AE) tests showed that microwave-induced fractures were produced most rapidly in sandstone (27 s). On the other hand, the granite underwent a longer period of energy accumulation before fracturing (138 s). The cumulative AE count curves plotted for sandstone and slate showed step-like upward trends but that plotted for granite increased approximately linearly. Microwave pretreatment for 90 s increased the cutting depth in sandstone by 85.6%, while 150 s of irradiation improved granite’s cutting depth by 77.9% and slate’s cutting depth by 50.5%. The results of the numerical simulations show that significantly different temperature and stress distributions are produced on the surface and inside a rock when it is in a seawater rather than air environment. Furthermore, increasing the working distance significantly weakened the effect of the microwave radiation.