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<p>The choice of working fluid in reservoir stimulation significantly impacts the efficiency, environmental footprint, and economic viability of hydrocarbon extraction and geothermal energy production. The complexity of fluid selection becomes more complicated when dealing with pre-existing discontinuities. This study employs the finite–discrete element method (FDEM) to use hydro-mechanical coupling to study water and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> (ScCO<sub>2</sub>) efficiency in the models containing a single closed or filled joint. Changes in flow rate, joint aperture, and invsitu stresses for the closed joint models and flow rate, filling permeability, and in situ stresses for the models with a filled joint are examined. Fluid-driven fracture (FDF) patterns and breakdown pressures are monitored and compared. Results demonstrate significant differences in the efficiency of the working fluids. It is observed that ScCO<sub>2</sub> generates a more complex fracture network under any circumstance than water. ScCO<sub>2</sub> penetrates and dilates deeper into the joint or filling, producing more FDFs, including crossing, offset crossing, branching, and activation. However, water is shown to be unable to fully dilate the closed joint or filling and only crossing fracture forms to develop to a short distance. Conversely, the filling material undergoes excessive fluid fracturing due to increased flow rate, permeability, and in situ stress magnitude. This results in fluid loss and, therefore, less efficiency in both fluid injections. Moreover, breakdown pressure exhibits a remarkable difference between water and ScCO<sub>2</sub>. Breakdown pressure of water shows a notable increase with increased examining parameters, while ScCO<sub>2</sub> exhibits similar breakdown pressure under increasing flow rate, joint aperture, and filling permeability. However, in situ stress difference records the highest breakdown pressures in both fluids and is the most influential parameter in deciding the performance of the fluids. Overall, this study provides insights into a successful ScCO<sub>2</sub> injection compared to water-based fluids.</p>

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A Comparative Study on the Performance of Water and Supercritical CO2 in Reservoirs with a Closed or Filled Joint

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Zeinab Aliabadian,
  • Mansour Sharafisafa,
  • Luming Shen

摘要

The choice of working fluid in reservoir stimulation significantly impacts the efficiency, environmental footprint, and economic viability of hydrocarbon extraction and geothermal energy production. The complexity of fluid selection becomes more complicated when dealing with pre-existing discontinuities. This study employs the finite–discrete element method (FDEM) to use hydro-mechanical coupling to study water and supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) efficiency in the models containing a single closed or filled joint. Changes in flow rate, joint aperture, and invsitu stresses for the closed joint models and flow rate, filling permeability, and in situ stresses for the models with a filled joint are examined. Fluid-driven fracture (FDF) patterns and breakdown pressures are monitored and compared. Results demonstrate significant differences in the efficiency of the working fluids. It is observed that ScCO2 generates a more complex fracture network under any circumstance than water. ScCO2 penetrates and dilates deeper into the joint or filling, producing more FDFs, including crossing, offset crossing, branching, and activation. However, water is shown to be unable to fully dilate the closed joint or filling and only crossing fracture forms to develop to a short distance. Conversely, the filling material undergoes excessive fluid fracturing due to increased flow rate, permeability, and in situ stress magnitude. This results in fluid loss and, therefore, less efficiency in both fluid injections. Moreover, breakdown pressure exhibits a remarkable difference between water and ScCO2. Breakdown pressure of water shows a notable increase with increased examining parameters, while ScCO2 exhibits similar breakdown pressure under increasing flow rate, joint aperture, and filling permeability. However, in situ stress difference records the highest breakdown pressures in both fluids and is the most influential parameter in deciding the performance of the fluids. Overall, this study provides insights into a successful ScCO2 injection compared to water-based fluids.