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<p>This study investigates the effect of high temperature treatment on the compressive and tensile strength of sandstone samples with a flaw and the efficiency of different grouts for the possible improvements in response. Two types of sandstone samples, i.e., cylindrical and circular with flaws at pre-defined orientations, have been prepared to perform uniaxial compressive and indirect tensile tests, respectively. The flaw orientations have been kept as 60° and 0° respectively, with the loading direction along cylindrical and circular samples, as these orientations correspond to minimum strength as per the literature. The pre-heating of samples is performed at different temperatures, i.e., 30&#xa0;°C to 900&#xa0;°C and three grouts, i.e., cement, epoxy and SCB mix (mixture of Sand–Cement–Bioconcrete), are considered. The progressive fracturing during the testing has been analysed via Digital Image Correlation (DIC) strain contours. The strength and stiffness of ungrouted samples have reduced with the increasing temperature in both tests, especially for temperatures exceeding 500&#xa0;°C. The fracturing is localized (initiated at flaw tips) at low temperatures which gradually shifted to diffused fracturing at high temperatures, possibly due to potential generation of thermal cracks alongside samples. The grouts improved the mechanical response of samples; however, their efficiencies are temperature dependent (% reduction of 52.17 for SCB mix, 42.85 for cement and 51.72 for epoxy grouted samples). For instance, the epoxy-grouted samples showed significant improvement at low to moderate temperatures but minimal improvement at higher temperatures due to severe degradation of epoxy grout. The performance of the cement and SCB grouts are relatively consistent at higher temperatures. The SEM and XRD analyses showed that thermal treatment up to 500&#xa0;°C enhances sandstone structure, while above 700&#xa0;°C it causes mineral breakdown and microcracking, reducing reliability.</p>

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Temperature Dependency of Grout Efficiency in Improving Mechanical Response of Jointed Sandstone Under Different Loading Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月20日

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  • Gaurav Kumar Mathur,
  • Arvind Kumar Jha,
  • Gaurav Tiwari

摘要

This study investigates the effect of high temperature treatment on the compressive and tensile strength of sandstone samples with a flaw and the efficiency of different grouts for the possible improvements in response. Two types of sandstone samples, i.e., cylindrical and circular with flaws at pre-defined orientations, have been prepared to perform uniaxial compressive and indirect tensile tests, respectively. The flaw orientations have been kept as 60° and 0° respectively, with the loading direction along cylindrical and circular samples, as these orientations correspond to minimum strength as per the literature. The pre-heating of samples is performed at different temperatures, i.e., 30 °C to 900 °C and three grouts, i.e., cement, epoxy and SCB mix (mixture of Sand–Cement–Bioconcrete), are considered. The progressive fracturing during the testing has been analysed via Digital Image Correlation (DIC) strain contours. The strength and stiffness of ungrouted samples have reduced with the increasing temperature in both tests, especially for temperatures exceeding 500 °C. The fracturing is localized (initiated at flaw tips) at low temperatures which gradually shifted to diffused fracturing at high temperatures, possibly due to potential generation of thermal cracks alongside samples. The grouts improved the mechanical response of samples; however, their efficiencies are temperature dependent (% reduction of 52.17 for SCB mix, 42.85 for cement and 51.72 for epoxy grouted samples). For instance, the epoxy-grouted samples showed significant improvement at low to moderate temperatures but minimal improvement at higher temperatures due to severe degradation of epoxy grout. The performance of the cement and SCB grouts are relatively consistent at higher temperatures. The SEM and XRD analyses showed that thermal treatment up to 500 °C enhances sandstone structure, while above 700 °C it causes mineral breakdown and microcracking, reducing reliability.