<p>The Negative Poisson's Ratio (NPR) bolt is more effective for preventing and controlling rock bursts than conventional bolts. This paper establishes a dynamic model of NPR bolts under impact forces to clarify their mechanical characteristics. The model comprises three stages: elastic deformation, structural slipping deformation, and elastic recovery. The effects of varying impact force strengths and periods on the dynamic behavior of NPR bolts were studied. The Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar (SHTB) test compared the dynamic responses of NPR and conventional bolts under different impact force wavelengths and gas pressures. The results show that during the structural slipping deformation stage, the impact force is not synchronized with the end of the structural slip deformation, with the time difference depending on the type of impact force. Even if the impact force strength is less than the constant resistance of the NPR bolt, it still transitions from elastic deformation to structural slipping deformation and back to elastic deformation with increasing impact force periods. At the same wavelength, the peak impact force of the NPR bolt is, on average, 10.6% lower than that of a conventional bolt. Due to the structural slipping deformation of the NPR bolt, its final elongation is not zero, unlike the conventional bolt, which is prone to sudden brittle fracture. The experimental data validate the accuracy and feasibility of the theoretical model in characterizing key NPR bolt characteristics, such as peak impact force and final elongation, with an absolute difference rate within 7%. A comparative field test under simulated 3-level mine earthquakes showed that NPR cable-supported roadways remained stable, while conventional ones collapsed severely. These findings provide valuable references for the anti-impact support of rock burst-prone mines.</p>