<p>In response to the problem of anchor rod failure caused by non-coordinated rupture of soft and hard rock layers in composite rock layers, an equal confining pressure anchor rod pull-out orthogonal experiment was conducted, and synchronous monitoring was carried out using acoustic emission to analyze the damage and bearing characteristics of the composite rock anchoring system under the influences of soft and hard rock layers, layer thickness, and the strength ratio. Based on the distribution characteristics of acoustic emission, the pull-out load curve stages of composite rock anchoring with confining pressure constraints were divided. A system simulation method of “nonlinear bonded spring + Concrete Damaged Plasticity” embedded in the load transfer model of composite rock anchor bolts is proposed. This method has the advantages of easy parameter inversion, accurate acquisition of ultimate tensile load, accurate prediction of the tensile load displacement curve, and high fit of damage evolution characteristics. Based on numerical simulation experiments, the failure mode of composite rock anchor detachment was revealed from the perspective of the difference in failure between soft and hard rock systems. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the pull-out test results, and the controlling factors of the pull-out load of the composite rock anchor were obtained. The research results provide a reference for the design of composite rock roof anchor supports.</p>