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<p>Non-persistent cross-joints (NPCJs) along the lower bedding interface are common yet often overlooked internal defects in anti-dip bedding rock slopes (ABRSs). These joints have a significant impact on the failure characteristics of the slope. This study combines centrifuge model tests with discrete element simulations to investigate the block toppling failure mechanism of ABRSs containing NPCJs along the lower bedding interface. It also examines how the spatial characteristics of NPCJs affect slope evolution and failure patterns. The results show that the overall failure mode remains block toppling, regardless of NPCJ distribution. The failure process consists of five stages: micro-fracture nucleation, minor slope deformation, deep primary failure surface formation, multi-level toppling zone formation, and block toppling. NPCJs along the upper bedding interface have little effect on the failure mode, but they significantly influence the roughness coefficient (<i>JRC</i>) of the main failure surface. The <i>JRC</i> trend matches the variation in critical centrifugal acceleration. At 90° joint inclination, the <i>JRC</i> is lowest and failure is most likely. For ABRSs with NPCJs along the lower bedding interface, middle-slope NPCJs control the toppling fracture depth and may cause discontinuous fracture surfaces. Basal NPCJs affect the position of toppling initiation and the <i>JRC</i> of the main failure surface. The timing of failure is jointly governed by the geometry of the failure surface and the properties of the fractured rock mass.</p>

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Failure Mechanisms of Block Toppling Influenced by Non-Persistent Cross-Joints: Insights from Physical Models and Numerical Simulations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月25日

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  • Hao Yang,
  • Yufeng Wei,
  • Shixin Zhang,
  • Xin Zhang,
  • Peng Liang,
  • Leilei Jin

摘要

Non-persistent cross-joints (NPCJs) along the lower bedding interface are common yet often overlooked internal defects in anti-dip bedding rock slopes (ABRSs). These joints have a significant impact on the failure characteristics of the slope. This study combines centrifuge model tests with discrete element simulations to investigate the block toppling failure mechanism of ABRSs containing NPCJs along the lower bedding interface. It also examines how the spatial characteristics of NPCJs affect slope evolution and failure patterns. The results show that the overall failure mode remains block toppling, regardless of NPCJ distribution. The failure process consists of five stages: micro-fracture nucleation, minor slope deformation, deep primary failure surface formation, multi-level toppling zone formation, and block toppling. NPCJs along the upper bedding interface have little effect on the failure mode, but they significantly influence the roughness coefficient (JRC) of the main failure surface. The JRC trend matches the variation in critical centrifugal acceleration. At 90° joint inclination, the JRC is lowest and failure is most likely. For ABRSs with NPCJs along the lower bedding interface, middle-slope NPCJs control the toppling fracture depth and may cause discontinuous fracture surfaces. Basal NPCJs affect the position of toppling initiation and the JRC of the main failure surface. The timing of failure is jointly governed by the geometry of the failure surface and the properties of the fractured rock mass.