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<p>The dry–wet cycle of acid rain significantly contributes to the degradation of mechanical properties and propagation of cracks in rock masses, potentially leading to failure or catastrophic events. However, the failure mechanisms of rock masses subjected to dry–wet cycles of acid rain at room temperature remain unexplored. This study introduced a multi-physical field-control test device designed for acid rain leaching and rapid vacuum drying at room temperature. Physical tests on intact and fissured sandstone were conducted under acid rain leaching and dry–wet cycles. True triaxial compression tests integrated with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring were performed to analyze the mechanical properties, crack evolution mechanisms, and failure precursors of sandstone with varying dry–wet cycles and fissure angles under acid rain exposure. With an increasing number of acid rain dry–wet cycles, the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone underwent significant changes. The density, longitudinal wave velocity, and peak strength initially declined sharply before stabilizing, with maximum reductions of 2.32%, 12.4%, and 13.04%, respectively, water absorption increased by 23.75%. The brittleness decreased slightly, whereas plasticity increased significantly. The failure mode transitioned from shear failure to tensile failure with an increasing proportion of tensile cracks during failure. As the fissure angle increased, the sandstone strength initially decreased, reaching its lowest at 45° (18.75% lower than that at 0°), then increased, and the strength at 90° was 7.5% higher than that at 0°. From 0° to 45°, the failure mode shifted from single-shear cracking to an “X”-type double-shear crack, reverting to a single shear crack beyond 45°.</p>

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Failure Properties and Crack Evolution Mechanism of Intact and Fissured Sandstone Under Acid Rain Dry–Wet Cycles at Room Temperature in Vacuum

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月12日

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  • Zhi Zheng,
  • Shimin Gao,
  • Xiaohua Huang,
  • Qiang Zhang,
  • Shengjie Di,
  • Wei Wang

摘要

The dry–wet cycle of acid rain significantly contributes to the degradation of mechanical properties and propagation of cracks in rock masses, potentially leading to failure or catastrophic events. However, the failure mechanisms of rock masses subjected to dry–wet cycles of acid rain at room temperature remain unexplored. This study introduced a multi-physical field-control test device designed for acid rain leaching and rapid vacuum drying at room temperature. Physical tests on intact and fissured sandstone were conducted under acid rain leaching and dry–wet cycles. True triaxial compression tests integrated with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring were performed to analyze the mechanical properties, crack evolution mechanisms, and failure precursors of sandstone with varying dry–wet cycles and fissure angles under acid rain exposure. With an increasing number of acid rain dry–wet cycles, the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone underwent significant changes. The density, longitudinal wave velocity, and peak strength initially declined sharply before stabilizing, with maximum reductions of 2.32%, 12.4%, and 13.04%, respectively, water absorption increased by 23.75%. The brittleness decreased slightly, whereas plasticity increased significantly. The failure mode transitioned from shear failure to tensile failure with an increasing proportion of tensile cracks during failure. As the fissure angle increased, the sandstone strength initially decreased, reaching its lowest at 45° (18.75% lower than that at 0°), then increased, and the strength at 90° was 7.5% higher than that at 0°. From 0° to 45°, the failure mode shifted from single-shear cracking to an “X”-type double-shear crack, reverting to a single shear crack beyond 45°.