Association of serum lactate dehydrogenase with prognosis and tumor metabolism in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy

Treatment outcomes are predicted by analyzing peripheral blood markers such as serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). We conducted this study to investigate whether serum LDH levels can predict the prognosis of patients treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (ATZ/BEV) therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and whether LDH levels correlate with metabolic changes.

We enrolled 66 HCC patients treated with ATZ/BEV. Based on the change in serum LDH levels before and after treatment, the patients were divided into two groups, and the prognosis of each group was examined. Moreover, the association of LDH levels with tumor metabolism was analyzed by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT).

There were 32 patients categorized as the LDH-decrease group. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated worse progression-free survival (PFS) in the LDH-increase group than in the LDH-decrease group (p = 0.0029). Multivariate analysis showed that an increase in the LDH level was an independent risk factor for worse PFS (p = 0.0045). The baseline LDH level correlated significantly with a high maximum standardized uptake value of ¹⁸F-FDG, according to the PET/CT findings. Transcriptomic analyses of specimens resected after ATZ/BEV therapy showed downregulated mitochondria-related pathways.

Serum LDH levels are a potential prognostic marker and an indicator of tumor metabolism.