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<p>Sodium metabisulfite (SMB), a common food preservative and environmental contaminant, induces testicular damage through oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal disruption, and apoptosis. This study investigated the protective effects of methionine methylsulfonium (MMSC), a sulfur-containing derivative of the amino acid methionine found in most cruciferous plants, against SMB-induced testicular dysfunction in a rat model. Twenty male rats were divided into four groups (<i>n</i> = 5): control (10&#xa0;ml/kg), SMB-only (500&#xa0;mg/kg), MMSC-only (100&#xa0;mg/kg), and SMB + MMSC treatment groups. All treatments were administered orally for 28&#xa0;days. Prior to sacrifice, blood was collected for hormonal assay; after sacrifice, the testes were collected and processed for biochemical analysis. Results showed that SMB exposure significantly reduced testicular weight; disrupted the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis; suppressed testosterone, LH, and FSH levels; impaired steroidogenic enzyme activity; increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers; and deteriorated sperm quality while downregulating Bcl-2 expression. Treatment with MMSC markedly reversed these alterations by restoring reproductive hormone levels, improving antioxidant capacity, reducing inflammatory cytokines, normalizing steroidogenesis, and enhancing anti-apoptotic signaling. Network pharmacology and in silico analyses further revealed that MMSC mitigates SMB-induced testicular damage by modulating key regulatory hubs such as NF-κB1, IL-6, CASP3, TP53, and BCL2.</p>

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The effective actions of methionine methylsulfonium chloride against sodium metabisulfite–induced testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Efemena Amarere,
  • Jerome Ndudi Asiwe,
  • Julian Enwerim Nwangwa,
  • Saviour God’swealth Usin,
  • Eze Kingsley Nwangwa

摘要

Sodium metabisulfite (SMB), a common food preservative and environmental contaminant, induces testicular damage through oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal disruption, and apoptosis. This study investigated the protective effects of methionine methylsulfonium (MMSC), a sulfur-containing derivative of the amino acid methionine found in most cruciferous plants, against SMB-induced testicular dysfunction in a rat model. Twenty male rats were divided into four groups (n = 5): control (10 ml/kg), SMB-only (500 mg/kg), MMSC-only (100 mg/kg), and SMB + MMSC treatment groups. All treatments were administered orally for 28 days. Prior to sacrifice, blood was collected for hormonal assay; after sacrifice, the testes were collected and processed for biochemical analysis. Results showed that SMB exposure significantly reduced testicular weight; disrupted the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis; suppressed testosterone, LH, and FSH levels; impaired steroidogenic enzyme activity; increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers; and deteriorated sperm quality while downregulating Bcl-2 expression. Treatment with MMSC markedly reversed these alterations by restoring reproductive hormone levels, improving antioxidant capacity, reducing inflammatory cytokines, normalizing steroidogenesis, and enhancing anti-apoptotic signaling. Network pharmacology and in silico analyses further revealed that MMSC mitigates SMB-induced testicular damage by modulating key regulatory hubs such as NF-κB1, IL-6, CASP3, TP53, and BCL2.