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<p>The liver is a vital organ in avian species, functioning at the core of metabolism, detoxification, and immune regulation. In birds such as chickens, ostriches, and pigeons, it is frequently affected by a variety of pathological conditions stemming from bacterial, viral, toxic, nutritional, and environmental causes. Bacterial infections, including <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Mycoplasma</i>, and <i>Pasteurella,</i> can induce hepatic congestion, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. Oncogenic viruses such as <i>Marek’s disease</i> virus, <i>avian leukosis</i> virus, and <i>reticuloendotheliosis</i> virus often lead to lymphoid infiltration, hepatic neoplasia, and structural distortion of liver tissue. Exposure to mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and T-2 toxin) and chemical toxins, such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), causes severe hepatocellular damage, including fatty change, necrosis, and fibrosis. Similarly, misuse or overuse of hepatotoxic drugs such as tilmicosin, azithromycin, and enrofloxacin results in oxidative liver injury and histological lesions ranging from vacuolar degeneration to massive hepatic necrosis. Environmental factors, particularly heat stress, exacerbate liver pathology through oxidative damage and impaired circulation. Nutritional deficiencies in vitamins, amino acids, or antioxidants, on the other hand, lead to metabolic disturbances, hepatic lipidosis, and degeneration. In contrast, probiotics, prebiotics, and herbal remedies such as silymarin and curcumin have demonstrated significant hepatoprotective potential, improving liver architecture, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing overall bird health and performance. Gross and microscopic examinations remain crucial for diagnosing liver diseases in avian practice. A comprehensive understanding of these multifactorial hepatic affections and the application of preventive strategies through balanced nutrition, controlled drug use, environmental management, and natural supplementation is essential for promoting liver health and productivity in the avian industry.</p>

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An updated review on avian liver pathology with special reference to chickens, ostriches, and pigeons

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Ahmed Fotouh,
  • Shimaa Swillam,
  • Woaud A. Radwan,
  • Rania S. Zaki,
  • Mohamed S. Diab,
  • Nady Kh. Elbarbary

摘要

The liver is a vital organ in avian species, functioning at the core of metabolism, detoxification, and immune regulation. In birds such as chickens, ostriches, and pigeons, it is frequently affected by a variety of pathological conditions stemming from bacterial, viral, toxic, nutritional, and environmental causes. Bacterial infections, including E. coli, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, and Pasteurella, can induce hepatic congestion, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. Oncogenic viruses such as Marek’s disease virus, avian leukosis virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus often lead to lymphoid infiltration, hepatic neoplasia, and structural distortion of liver tissue. Exposure to mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and T-2 toxin) and chemical toxins, such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), causes severe hepatocellular damage, including fatty change, necrosis, and fibrosis. Similarly, misuse or overuse of hepatotoxic drugs such as tilmicosin, azithromycin, and enrofloxacin results in oxidative liver injury and histological lesions ranging from vacuolar degeneration to massive hepatic necrosis. Environmental factors, particularly heat stress, exacerbate liver pathology through oxidative damage and impaired circulation. Nutritional deficiencies in vitamins, amino acids, or antioxidants, on the other hand, lead to metabolic disturbances, hepatic lipidosis, and degeneration. In contrast, probiotics, prebiotics, and herbal remedies such as silymarin and curcumin have demonstrated significant hepatoprotective potential, improving liver architecture, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing overall bird health and performance. Gross and microscopic examinations remain crucial for diagnosing liver diseases in avian practice. A comprehensive understanding of these multifactorial hepatic affections and the application of preventive strategies through balanced nutrition, controlled drug use, environmental management, and natural supplementation is essential for promoting liver health and productivity in the avian industry.