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<p>Generally, breast milk and infant formula are recognized as the primary and optimal sources of nutrition for infants. They can also be a pathway for heavy metal exposure that originates from the mother's exposure or infant formula to environmental contaminants. Therefore, in this work, heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) were identified in two types of newborn food, which are natural breast milk and artificial canned milk. In 2024, 40 samples of milk for newborns (1–3&#xa0;months old) were collected in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to examine heavy metals using a Shimadzu AA-7000 atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Samples of human breast milk were collected from different locations of Al-Najaf governorate. While infant formula was collected from Iraqi markets. The current study used the theoretical equations to calculate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk criteria for heavy metals in all milk samples. Results showed that the range values for lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations in mg/L for canned milk samples were 0.01–5.65,0.04–1.15and 0.41–1.26, respectively, while the range values for breast milk samples were 0.002–1.2,0.01–0.2 and 0.11–0.19, respectively. Also, the results revealed statistically no significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences when comparing the concentrations of three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr). However, Hazard quotient (HQ), Hazard index (HI), Cancer risk (CR), the Total cumulative non-cancer risk (TNCR), and Total cumulative cancer risk (TCCR) results for all samples were within the safe limits for heavy metals recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), while the values did not exceed the permissible health risk standards.</p>

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Comparative assessment of heavy metals in breast milk and canned milk consumed by Newborns in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月23日

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  • Ban Hussein Ali,
  • Ali Abid Abojassim

摘要

Generally, breast milk and infant formula are recognized as the primary and optimal sources of nutrition for infants. They can also be a pathway for heavy metal exposure that originates from the mother's exposure or infant formula to environmental contaminants. Therefore, in this work, heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) were identified in two types of newborn food, which are natural breast milk and artificial canned milk. In 2024, 40 samples of milk for newborns (1–3 months old) were collected in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, to examine heavy metals using a Shimadzu AA-7000 atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Samples of human breast milk were collected from different locations of Al-Najaf governorate. While infant formula was collected from Iraqi markets. The current study used the theoretical equations to calculate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk criteria for heavy metals in all milk samples. Results showed that the range values for lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations in mg/L for canned milk samples were 0.01–5.65,0.04–1.15and 0.41–1.26, respectively, while the range values for breast milk samples were 0.002–1.2,0.01–0.2 and 0.11–0.19, respectively. Also, the results revealed statistically no significant (p < 0.05) differences when comparing the concentrations of three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr). However, Hazard quotient (HQ), Hazard index (HI), Cancer risk (CR), the Total cumulative non-cancer risk (TNCR), and Total cumulative cancer risk (TCCR) results for all samples were within the safe limits for heavy metals recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), while the values did not exceed the permissible health risk standards.