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<p>Most cold–season grasses can be colonized by belowground arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and foliar grass endophytes (<i>Epichloë</i>) simultaneously while also be attacked by insect herbivores. The colonization of AM fungi or the presence of grass endophytes is associated with increased resistance by the host plant. However, studies on how these two symbionts affect host plants and mitigate insect pest attack are currently lacking. In a glasshouse study we investigated the effects of an AM fungus (<i>Acaulospora delicata</i>), a foliar grass endophyte (<i>Epichloë</i>), and the insect pest <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (fall armyworm, FAW) on plant growth, defense enzyme activity, and hormone concentrations of the important pasture grass <i>Lolium perenne</i>. Additionally, we assessed the selective behavior of FAW larvae in response to these interactions using olfactometer tests. Our results showed that the AM fungus and its co-colonization with <i>Epichloë</i> endophytes increased aboveground biomass, while <i>Epichloë</i> endophytes alone had no significant impact on ryegrass aboveground biomass. In contrast, FAW reduced aboveground biomass. The <i>Epichloë</i> endophytes and FAW significantly decreased the mycorrhizal colonization rate by 21.67% and 30.16%, respectively. Interestingly, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, AM fungus colonized plants were more attractive to FAW larvae feeding, and the defense enzyme activity was not discernibly affected by any experimental treatments. The interactions of the AM fungus and <i>Epichloë</i> endophyte increased the jasmonic acid concentrations by 24.29% and decreased trasylol activity by 11.75% in the host plants under FAW attack. Neither the AM fungus nor <i>Epichloë</i> endophyte influenced the relative growth rate (RGR) of FAW. Overall, the AM fungus had a greater positive effect on plant growth than the <i>Epichloë</i> endophyte, regardless of FAW larvae infestation.</p>

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AM fungus plant colonization rather than an Epichloë endophyte attracts fall armyworm feeding

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月27日

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  • Youlei Shen,
  • Jiming Yang,
  • Ziyuan Ma,
  • Yingde Li,
  • Wanqing Dong,
  • Tingyu Duan

摘要

Most cold–season grasses can be colonized by belowground arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and foliar grass endophytes (Epichloë) simultaneously while also be attacked by insect herbivores. The colonization of AM fungi or the presence of grass endophytes is associated with increased resistance by the host plant. However, studies on how these two symbionts affect host plants and mitigate insect pest attack are currently lacking. In a glasshouse study we investigated the effects of an AM fungus (Acaulospora delicata), a foliar grass endophyte (Epichloë), and the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm, FAW) on plant growth, defense enzyme activity, and hormone concentrations of the important pasture grass Lolium perenne. Additionally, we assessed the selective behavior of FAW larvae in response to these interactions using olfactometer tests. Our results showed that the AM fungus and its co-colonization with Epichloë endophytes increased aboveground biomass, while Epichloë endophytes alone had no significant impact on ryegrass aboveground biomass. In contrast, FAW reduced aboveground biomass. The Epichloë endophytes and FAW significantly decreased the mycorrhizal colonization rate by 21.67% and 30.16%, respectively. Interestingly, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, AM fungus colonized plants were more attractive to FAW larvae feeding, and the defense enzyme activity was not discernibly affected by any experimental treatments. The interactions of the AM fungus and Epichloë endophyte increased the jasmonic acid concentrations by 24.29% and decreased trasylol activity by 11.75% in the host plants under FAW attack. Neither the AM fungus nor Epichloë endophyte influenced the relative growth rate (RGR) of FAW. Overall, the AM fungus had a greater positive effect on plant growth than the Epichloë endophyte, regardless of FAW larvae infestation.