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<p>This study presents the performance analysis of designed Graphene based Octagonal Short Angular Circular (GBOSAC) microstrip antennas for short-range wireless communication at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The antennas are developed with 2 distinct silicon-based substrate materials: Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) with thickness of 15&#xa0;μm and Quartz (SiO₄) with the thickness of 96.5&#xa0;μm. The proposed antenna structure comprises four layers: a gold ground plane, a silicon-based substrate (Si₃N₄ or SiO₄), an octagonal gold patch, and an uppermost graphene layer with the thickness of 10&#xa0;nm. The graphene layer is deposited onto the octagonal shape gold patch to enhance antenna performance at THz frequencies. Comparative analysis of the two substrate materials is conducted to evaluate their suitability for THz applications, focusing on key performance metrics such as reflection coefficient (S₁₁) of -29.83 dB for the Si₃N₄ substrate antenna and − 24.3 dB for the SiO₄ substrate antenna, realized gain, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The results demonstrate the potential of these graphene based microstrip antennas for high-performance short-range THz communication systems. Based on the promising performance of the GBOSAC antenna unit cell, the design was extended to a quad-port MIMO antenna configuration to further enhance the overall antenna performance for indoor communication scenarios. In the quad-port (QP) MIMO configuration, the antenna elements are arranged orthogonally. The total cross-sectional area of the THz quad-port MIMO antenna is 1232 × 1232&#xa0;μm² for the Si₃N₄-based design (MIMO (SN)) and 1450 × 1450&#xa0;μm² for the SiO₄-based design (MIMO (Q)). The proposed MIMO antennas achieve a bandwidth of 71&#xa0;GHz and 54.1&#xa0;GHz for the Si₃N₄ and SiO₄ substrates, respectively. Additionally, the mutual-coupling coefficient remains below − 15 dB for both designs. Moreover, the diversity performance of the proposed THz MIMO antennas is analysed, revealing a diversity gain of &lt; 9.999 dB for MIMO (SN) and &lt; 9.9 dB for MIMO (Q). The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is found to be less than 0.0000025 for MIMO (SN) and less than 0.02 for MIMO (Q), Furthermore, the diversity performance analysis demonstrates a diversity gain of &lt; 9.999 dB for MIMO (SN) and &lt; 9.9 dB for MIMO (Q). The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) remains below 0.0000025 for MIMO (SN) and 0.02 for MIMO (Q), accompanied by a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) of − 17.31 dB and − 19.32 dB, and a channel capacity loss (CCL) of 0.035 bps/Hz and 0.05 bps/Hz for MIMO (SN) and MIMO (Q), respectively, at the resonant frequency of 0.3 THz. Further, a detailed performance analysis of wireless link is carried out by evaluating the path loss, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received power and Shannon channel capacity (SCC) for both MIMO antenna configurations under indoor line-of-sight (LoS) conditions at 0.3 THz. These outcomes highlight the effectiveness of the proposed antenna designs for reliable short-range THz wireless communication.</p>

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Performance analysis of quad-port graphene-based MIMO antennas on silicon nitride and quartz substrates for terahertz applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Govind Kumar Pandey,
  • Rama Rao Thipparaju,
  • Rupesh Kumar,
  • Uday Kumar Singh

摘要

This study presents the performance analysis of designed Graphene based Octagonal Short Angular Circular (GBOSAC) microstrip antennas for short-range wireless communication at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The antennas are developed with 2 distinct silicon-based substrate materials: Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) with thickness of 15 μm and Quartz (SiO₄) with the thickness of 96.5 μm. The proposed antenna structure comprises four layers: a gold ground plane, a silicon-based substrate (Si₃N₄ or SiO₄), an octagonal gold patch, and an uppermost graphene layer with the thickness of 10 nm. The graphene layer is deposited onto the octagonal shape gold patch to enhance antenna performance at THz frequencies. Comparative analysis of the two substrate materials is conducted to evaluate their suitability for THz applications, focusing on key performance metrics such as reflection coefficient (S₁₁) of -29.83 dB for the Si₃N₄ substrate antenna and − 24.3 dB for the SiO₄ substrate antenna, realized gain, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The results demonstrate the potential of these graphene based microstrip antennas for high-performance short-range THz communication systems. Based on the promising performance of the GBOSAC antenna unit cell, the design was extended to a quad-port MIMO antenna configuration to further enhance the overall antenna performance for indoor communication scenarios. In the quad-port (QP) MIMO configuration, the antenna elements are arranged orthogonally. The total cross-sectional area of the THz quad-port MIMO antenna is 1232 × 1232 μm² for the Si₃N₄-based design (MIMO (SN)) and 1450 × 1450 μm² for the SiO₄-based design (MIMO (Q)). The proposed MIMO antennas achieve a bandwidth of 71 GHz and 54.1 GHz for the Si₃N₄ and SiO₄ substrates, respectively. Additionally, the mutual-coupling coefficient remains below − 15 dB for both designs. Moreover, the diversity performance of the proposed THz MIMO antennas is analysed, revealing a diversity gain of < 9.999 dB for MIMO (SN) and < 9.9 dB for MIMO (Q). The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is found to be less than 0.0000025 for MIMO (SN) and less than 0.02 for MIMO (Q), Furthermore, the diversity performance analysis demonstrates a diversity gain of < 9.999 dB for MIMO (SN) and < 9.9 dB for MIMO (Q). The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) remains below 0.0000025 for MIMO (SN) and 0.02 for MIMO (Q), accompanied by a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) of − 17.31 dB and − 19.32 dB, and a channel capacity loss (CCL) of 0.035 bps/Hz and 0.05 bps/Hz for MIMO (SN) and MIMO (Q), respectively, at the resonant frequency of 0.3 THz. Further, a detailed performance analysis of wireless link is carried out by evaluating the path loss, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), received power and Shannon channel capacity (SCC) for both MIMO antenna configurations under indoor line-of-sight (LoS) conditions at 0.3 THz. These outcomes highlight the effectiveness of the proposed antenna designs for reliable short-range THz wireless communication.