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<p>We propose a graphene, black phosphorus (BP), and MXene–based biosensor for the simultaneous detection of cancer biomarkers and malaria antigens. The sensing performance is validated using two representative biomarkers: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for cancer and histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) for malaria. The sensor architecture comprises four rectangular MXene-coated resonators coupled with concentric BP-coated circular ring resonators on a graphene-coated square metasurface. Extensive parametric analysis and electromagnetic simulations were conducted to optimize the design, examining the effects of graphene chemical potential (GCP), incidence angle variations, and geometric parameters on absorption characteristics. The optimized sensor achieves remarkable sensitivities of 1000&#xa0;GHz/RIU for cancer detection and 750&#xa0;GHz/RIU for malaria detection, with corresponding figures of merit of 22.222 RIU⁻¹ and 12.500 RIU⁻¹. Electric field distribution analysis confirms strong field confinement in the active sensing region at the resonant frequency of 1.62 THz, thereby enhancing detection capability.To further streamline the optimization process, a stacking ensemble regression framework was employed, achieving a prediction accuracy of up to 96%. The novelty of this study lies in three aspects: (i) the integration of a triple-layered 2D material heterostructure (MXene, BP, and graphene) to simultaneously reduce intrinsic losses and enhance plasmonic confinement; (ii) the demonstration of dual-analyte detection of CEA and HRP-II within a single metasurface platform; and (iii) the application of a stacking ensemble machine learning framework for accelerated optimization with high predictive accuracy and reduced computational cost.</p>

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MXene-BP-graphene metasurface terahertz biosensor for high-sensitivity detection of carcinoembryonic antigen and malaria histidine-rich protein II

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • U. Arun Kumar,
  • L. Jubair Ahmed,
  • Habib Kraiem,
  • Taha Sheheryar

摘要

We propose a graphene, black phosphorus (BP), and MXene–based biosensor for the simultaneous detection of cancer biomarkers and malaria antigens. The sensing performance is validated using two representative biomarkers: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for cancer and histidine-rich protein II (HRP-II) for malaria. The sensor architecture comprises four rectangular MXene-coated resonators coupled with concentric BP-coated circular ring resonators on a graphene-coated square metasurface. Extensive parametric analysis and electromagnetic simulations were conducted to optimize the design, examining the effects of graphene chemical potential (GCP), incidence angle variations, and geometric parameters on absorption characteristics. The optimized sensor achieves remarkable sensitivities of 1000 GHz/RIU for cancer detection and 750 GHz/RIU for malaria detection, with corresponding figures of merit of 22.222 RIU⁻¹ and 12.500 RIU⁻¹. Electric field distribution analysis confirms strong field confinement in the active sensing region at the resonant frequency of 1.62 THz, thereby enhancing detection capability.To further streamline the optimization process, a stacking ensemble regression framework was employed, achieving a prediction accuracy of up to 96%. The novelty of this study lies in three aspects: (i) the integration of a triple-layered 2D material heterostructure (MXene, BP, and graphene) to simultaneously reduce intrinsic losses and enhance plasmonic confinement; (ii) the demonstration of dual-analyte detection of CEA and HRP-II within a single metasurface platform; and (iii) the application of a stacking ensemble machine learning framework for accelerated optimization with high predictive accuracy and reduced computational cost.