<p>The research article reports the early-stage detection of Breast Cancer using a Single Cavity Dielectric Modulated Extended Gate Heterojunction DG-TFET (SC-DM-EG-HJ-DG-TFET) biosensor. The electrical detection of breast cancer depends upon HER2 concentration in saliva/serum. When saliva or serum is immobilized in the cavity, an equivalent charge will be generated, which accounts for interface charge modulation to affect the drain current. This HER2 numerical model was developed to map physical phenomena into their equivalent electrical parameter for detecting breast cancer in an infected individual’s serum and saliva sample. The proposed biosensor reports <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {I_{ON}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">ON</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {10^{-4}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {I_{ON}/I_{OFF}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">ON</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">OFF</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {10^{13}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>13</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with the help of Ge–Si heterojunction and work function engineering with an extended gate. The biosensor uses SILVACO ATLAS simulation software. The proposed biosensor reports drain current sensitivity (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {S_{I_{ON}}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">ON</mi> </msub> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {2.7\times 10^{10}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2.7</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>10</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, followed by <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {I_{ON}/I_{OFF}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">ON</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">OFF</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> sensitivity of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {4.12\times 10^{6}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>4.12</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>6</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in saliva. However, in case of serum <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="30" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {S_{I_{ON}}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">ON</mi> </msub> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> drops from <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {3.48\times 10^{9}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3.48</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="542_2025_5867_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\mathrm {4.76\times 10^{6}}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>4.76</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>6</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for healthy and diseased persons, respectively. The simulation outcomes indicate that saliva-based testing offers increased sensitivity, providing a less invasive and patient-friendly alternative than serum-based tests. Thus, developing reliable and CMOS-compatible process flow biosensors enables efficient detection at an early stage through regular screenings of breast cancer.</p>

Performance evaluation of Dielectric Modulated Heterojunction DG-TFET biosensor for early stage breast cancer detection using charge control methodology: a simulation study

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年4月5日

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Omendra Kr Singh,
Vaithiyanathan Dhandapani,
Baljit Kaur

摘要

The research article reports the early-stage detection of Breast Cancer using a Single Cavity Dielectric Modulated Extended Gate Heterojunction DG-TFET (SC-DM-EG-HJ-DG-TFET) biosensor. The electrical detection of breast cancer depends upon HER2 concentration in saliva/serum. When saliva or serum is immobilized in the cavity, an equivalent charge will be generated, which accounts for interface charge modulation to affect the drain current. This HER2 numerical model was developed to map physical phenomena into their equivalent electrical parameter for detecting breast cancer in an infected individual’s serum and saliva sample. The proposed biosensor reports $\mathrm {I_{ON}}$ $I_{ON}$ of order $\mathrm {10^{-4}}$ $10^{- 4}$ , $\mathrm {I_{ON}/I_{OFF}}$ $I_{ON} / I_{OFF}$ of order $\mathrm {10^{13}}$ $10^{13}$ with the help of Ge–Si heterojunction and work function engineering with an extended gate. The biosensor uses SILVACO ATLAS simulation software. The proposed biosensor reports drain current sensitivity ( $\mathrm {S_{I_{ON}}}$ $S_{I_{ON}}$ ) of order $\mathrm {2.7\times 10^{10}}$ $2.7 \times 10^{10}$ , followed by $\mathrm {I_{ON}/I_{OFF}}$ $I_{ON} / I_{OFF}$ sensitivity of $\mathrm {4.12\times 10^{6}}$ $4.12 \times 10^{6}$ in saliva. However, in case of serum $\mathrm {S_{I_{ON}}}$ $S_{I_{ON}}$ drops from $\mathrm {3.48\times 10^{9}}$ $3.48 \times 10^{9}$ to $\mathrm {4.76\times 10^{6}}$ $4.76 \times 10^{6}$ for healthy and diseased persons, respectively. The simulation outcomes indicate that saliva-based testing offers increased sensitivity, providing a less invasive and patient-friendly alternative than serum-based tests. Thus, developing reliable and CMOS-compatible process flow biosensors enables efficient detection at an early stage through regular screenings of breast cancer.