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Background <p>Olfactory dysfunction is an early biomarker of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and cognitive impairments. This study examines odor-specific olfactory deficits across cognitive impairment stages using the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Identification Test (SS-OIT).</p> Objective <p>To assess the discriminative validity of specific odors in differentiating subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and AD from healthy controls (HC). Additionally, the influences of age, gender, verbal intelligence and depression on olfactory performance were analyzed. Participants were also grouped into an AD versus non-AD category (comprising SCD, naMCI, and aMCI) for logistic regression analyses.</p> Methods <p>A&#xa0;retrospective analysis at the Department of Neurology of the Medical University of Vienna included 737 participants aged&#xa0;50 years and older. Olfactory identification was assessed using the 16-item Sniffin’ Sticks odor identification test. The discriminative power of specific odors was evaluated for distinguishing AD from non-AD groups. Bonferroni corrections were applied to adjust for multiple comparisons, which increases the stringency of statistical significance across the 16&#xa0;odors tested.</p> Results <p>Significant differences in odor identification were observed across diagnostic groups. The AD patients exhibited the most pronounced deficits, particularly in recognizing clove, rose and aniseed. Age negatively correlated with olfactory performance, while higher verbal intelligence was a&#xa0;protective factor. Key odors differentiated AD from non-AD groups, highlighting the diagnostic potential of olfactory testing.</p> Conclusion <p>Odor-specific olfactory deficits serve as early indicators of cognitive decline. The Sniffin’ Sticks test, particularly key odors, may aid early detection and differentiation of cognitive impairments. Accounting for covariates enhances the diagnostic accuracy. Future research should aim to refine olfactory testing protocols and assess their clinical utility in broader populations.</p>

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Single odor identification in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Abdallah Tasnim,
  • Johann Lehrner

摘要

Background

Olfactory dysfunction is an early biomarker of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and cognitive impairments. This study examines odor-specific olfactory deficits across cognitive impairment stages using the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Identification Test (SS-OIT).

Objective

To assess the discriminative validity of specific odors in differentiating subjective cognitive decline (SCD), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and AD from healthy controls (HC). Additionally, the influences of age, gender, verbal intelligence and depression on olfactory performance were analyzed. Participants were also grouped into an AD versus non-AD category (comprising SCD, naMCI, and aMCI) for logistic regression analyses.

Methods

A retrospective analysis at the Department of Neurology of the Medical University of Vienna included 737 participants aged 50 years and older. Olfactory identification was assessed using the 16-item Sniffin’ Sticks odor identification test. The discriminative power of specific odors was evaluated for distinguishing AD from non-AD groups. Bonferroni corrections were applied to adjust for multiple comparisons, which increases the stringency of statistical significance across the 16 odors tested.

Results

Significant differences in odor identification were observed across diagnostic groups. The AD patients exhibited the most pronounced deficits, particularly in recognizing clove, rose and aniseed. Age negatively correlated with olfactory performance, while higher verbal intelligence was a protective factor. Key odors differentiated AD from non-AD groups, highlighting the diagnostic potential of olfactory testing.

Conclusion

Odor-specific olfactory deficits serve as early indicators of cognitive decline. The Sniffin’ Sticks test, particularly key odors, may aid early detection and differentiation of cognitive impairments. Accounting for covariates enhances the diagnostic accuracy. Future research should aim to refine olfactory testing protocols and assess their clinical utility in broader populations.