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<p>Over the past two decades, urbanization in Anhui Province has significantly driven rapid economic growth and sustained structural transformation, while intensive human activities have simultaneously resulted in severe atmospheric pollution in the region. This study systematically characterized long-term spatiotemporal evolution patterns of air pollution and associated health risks in this province across two distinct periods: P-I (2015–2019) and P-II (2020–2024). The transition from P-I to P-II was characterized by marked decreases in key pollutant concentrations: PM<sub>2.5</sub> (29.5%), PM<sub>10</sub> (20.6%), SO<sub>2</sub> (54.6%), NO<sub>2</sub> (27.6%), and CO (33.3%), while O<sub>3</sub> levels increased by 9.5%. Spatially, air quality improvement followed a clear north-south geographical gradient. Health risks were primarily driven by PM<sub>2.5</sub> and O<sub>3</sub>, with over 90% of multi-pollutant exceedances involving PM<sub>2.5</sub>-PM<sub>10</sub> co-occurrence. When assessed against the China Ambient Air Quality Standards, P-II demonstrated a substantial decrease of 46.7% in total excess risk. Meanwhile, pollution-attributable mortality decreased by 45.4% and 21.7% under two distinct estimation methods, accompanied by a dramatic drop in the population exposed to unhealthy winter air plummeted from 97.7% to 38.1%. The proposed analytical framework enables systematic differentiation of combined effects exerted by long-term policy interventions, short-term extreme disruptions, and post-pandemic recovery processes on air quality. The adoption of the WHO AQG 2021 standards would triple the calculated aggregate excess health risk from the six criteria pollutants. To safeguard public health, China urgently needs to implement integrated multi-pollutant synergistic control strategies.</p>

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A decade of air pollution in Anhui province: spatiotemporal patterns, and health risks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Mao Mao,
  • Haijiao Xu,
  • Yan Ji,
  • Qianqian Hong

摘要

Over the past two decades, urbanization in Anhui Province has significantly driven rapid economic growth and sustained structural transformation, while intensive human activities have simultaneously resulted in severe atmospheric pollution in the region. This study systematically characterized long-term spatiotemporal evolution patterns of air pollution and associated health risks in this province across two distinct periods: P-I (2015–2019) and P-II (2020–2024). The transition from P-I to P-II was characterized by marked decreases in key pollutant concentrations: PM2.5 (29.5%), PM10 (20.6%), SO2 (54.6%), NO2 (27.6%), and CO (33.3%), while O3 levels increased by 9.5%. Spatially, air quality improvement followed a clear north-south geographical gradient. Health risks were primarily driven by PM2.5 and O3, with over 90% of multi-pollutant exceedances involving PM2.5-PM10 co-occurrence. When assessed against the China Ambient Air Quality Standards, P-II demonstrated a substantial decrease of 46.7% in total excess risk. Meanwhile, pollution-attributable mortality decreased by 45.4% and 21.7% under two distinct estimation methods, accompanied by a dramatic drop in the population exposed to unhealthy winter air plummeted from 97.7% to 38.1%. The proposed analytical framework enables systematic differentiation of combined effects exerted by long-term policy interventions, short-term extreme disruptions, and post-pandemic recovery processes on air quality. The adoption of the WHO AQG 2021 standards would triple the calculated aggregate excess health risk from the six criteria pollutants. To safeguard public health, China urgently needs to implement integrated multi-pollutant synergistic control strategies.