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<p>The Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) is a key biometeorological indicator that integrates air temperature and relative humidity to assess thermal stress in animals. Elevated THI has been associated with impaired semen quality and testicular function in goats, likely mediated by reductions in antioxidant defense mechanisms under adverse climatic conditions. This study investigated the combined effects of L-carnitine and sodium pyruvate supplementation in semen extenders on the cryosurvivability, sperm quality and oxidative stress of buck semen collected across different months and seasons in a tropical climate. Twelve adult Sirohi bucks were used and semen was cryopreserved with a Tris-based extender containing L-carnitine (2 mM) and sodium pyruvate (1 mM). semen analyses included semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, viability, membrane and DNA integrity, capacitation and apoptosis status, mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity at different stages of semen collection. Supplementation with L-carnitine and sodium pyruvate markedly enhanced post-thaw sperm motility, viability, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and DNA stability, while reducing apoptosis and cryocapacitation compared with the control. Pronounced seasonal effects were evident, with semen collected during September–November and the rainy season exhibiting superior quality, followed by the transition from rainy to winter. The supplemented antioxidants effectively mitigated oxidative stress, preserving mitochondrial and genomic integrity during the freeze–thaw process. Overall, this extender formulation improved the resilience and fertilizing potential of cryopreserved buck semen under tropical climatic variability, suggesting a protective role against heat-induced stress reflected by elevated temperature–humidity index (THI) conditions.</p>

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Influence of biometeorological conditions on semen traits and cryopreservation outcomes in Sirohi bucks enhanced by antioxidant-based extenders

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Shivika Chouksey,
  • Satya Nidhi Shukla,
  • Amita Dubey,
  • Sanju Mandal,
  • Ayushi Chourasia

摘要

The Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) is a key biometeorological indicator that integrates air temperature and relative humidity to assess thermal stress in animals. Elevated THI has been associated with impaired semen quality and testicular function in goats, likely mediated by reductions in antioxidant defense mechanisms under adverse climatic conditions. This study investigated the combined effects of L-carnitine and sodium pyruvate supplementation in semen extenders on the cryosurvivability, sperm quality and oxidative stress of buck semen collected across different months and seasons in a tropical climate. Twelve adult Sirohi bucks were used and semen was cryopreserved with a Tris-based extender containing L-carnitine (2 mM) and sodium pyruvate (1 mM). semen analyses included semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, viability, membrane and DNA integrity, capacitation and apoptosis status, mitochondrial membrane potential, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity at different stages of semen collection. Supplementation with L-carnitine and sodium pyruvate markedly enhanced post-thaw sperm motility, viability, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and DNA stability, while reducing apoptosis and cryocapacitation compared with the control. Pronounced seasonal effects were evident, with semen collected during September–November and the rainy season exhibiting superior quality, followed by the transition from rainy to winter. The supplemented antioxidants effectively mitigated oxidative stress, preserving mitochondrial and genomic integrity during the freeze–thaw process. Overall, this extender formulation improved the resilience and fertilizing potential of cryopreserved buck semen under tropical climatic variability, suggesting a protective role against heat-induced stress reflected by elevated temperature–humidity index (THI) conditions.