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<p>Urban heat island (UHI) effects have intensified in recent years, bringing increasing attention to urban parks as key green infrastructures for mitigating extreme heat. While existing studies primarily focus on physical cooling mechanisms, limited research integrates residents’ perceptual experiences and equitable access to cooling resources. This study proposes a tri-dimensional analytical framework that combines physical cooling performance, emotional perception, and spatial accessibility, using 113 urban parks in central Shijiazhuang, China as a case study. Land surface temperatures were derived from Landsat imagery, and multiple cooling metrics were quantified. A boosted regression tree (BRT) model identified evapotranspiration and surface albedo as dominant factors influencing cooling effectiveness. Residents’ emotional responses and usage preferences were extracted via sentiment analysis using SnowNLP on park-related reviews from the Dianping platform. To evaluate spatial equity, we developed an enhanced two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) model incorporating sentiment-based service weights and Huff-based probability functions. Results show that parks with strong cooling effects do not necessarily align with areas of high user satisfaction. The preferences of younger populations are often underrepresented, and less than 50% of the population in central Shijiazhuang has access to effective cooling services. These findings highlight the need for a collaborative optimization strategy that integrates thermal performance, user experience, and service equity. The proposed framework provides a transferable approach for guiding resilient urban park planning and adaptive responses to extreme heat.</p>

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Integrated optimization of cooling performance, perceived experience, and accessibility of urban parks under extreme heat events: a case study of Central Shijiazhuang, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月13日

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  • Wenru Li,
  • Tianji Wu,
  • Le Xuan,
  • Ruiyao Weng,
  • Keke Zhu,
  • Haozhuo Gu,
  • Zhaoyang Yan,
  • Xuhui Wang,
  • Siwei Chen

摘要

Urban heat island (UHI) effects have intensified in recent years, bringing increasing attention to urban parks as key green infrastructures for mitigating extreme heat. While existing studies primarily focus on physical cooling mechanisms, limited research integrates residents’ perceptual experiences and equitable access to cooling resources. This study proposes a tri-dimensional analytical framework that combines physical cooling performance, emotional perception, and spatial accessibility, using 113 urban parks in central Shijiazhuang, China as a case study. Land surface temperatures were derived from Landsat imagery, and multiple cooling metrics were quantified. A boosted regression tree (BRT) model identified evapotranspiration and surface albedo as dominant factors influencing cooling effectiveness. Residents’ emotional responses and usage preferences were extracted via sentiment analysis using SnowNLP on park-related reviews from the Dianping platform. To evaluate spatial equity, we developed an enhanced two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) model incorporating sentiment-based service weights and Huff-based probability functions. Results show that parks with strong cooling effects do not necessarily align with areas of high user satisfaction. The preferences of younger populations are often underrepresented, and less than 50% of the population in central Shijiazhuang has access to effective cooling services. These findings highlight the need for a collaborative optimization strategy that integrates thermal performance, user experience, and service equity. The proposed framework provides a transferable approach for guiding resilient urban park planning and adaptive responses to extreme heat.