Impact of climate and weather extremes on soybean and wheat yield using machine learning approach

The escalating climate instability and extreme weather events significantly jeopardize food security. The study assessed the impact of long-term climatic variables and extreme weather events on soybean and wheat yields in rainfed central India. To address inherent spatial variability, the study area was divided into homogeneous zones based on rainfall and soil parameters. Crop yields were correlated with a comprehensive set of driving variables at seasonal and monthly scales within each zone. Machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest Regression (RFR) and Neural Networks (NN), were employed to analyze crop yield anomalies caused by climate and weather extremes. The Sobol’ index was utilized for global sensitivity analysis to identify key parameters. Results showed significant negative correlations between thermo-meteorological parameters and yields of both monsoon soybean and winter wheat across multiple districts. Soybean yield exhibited a notable positive correlation with hydro-meteorological parameters, while wheat yield displayed a significant positive correlation with cold temperature extremes. RFR and NN demonstrated similar performance, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.27 to 0.39 t/ha for soybean and 0.4 to 0.6 t/ha for wheat. The Sobol’ index highlighted the high sensitivity of soybean yield to rainfall and rainy days during July and August, corresponding to the crop development and flowering stages. In contrast, wheat yield was primarily influenced by temperature extremes, particularly cold nights and hot days during the reproductive-maturity stage. These crop- and growth-stage-specific analyses of meteorological parameters are essential for devising effective strategies to adapt and mitigate climate emergencies.