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<p>Mangroves, arising from multiple independent evolutionary lineages, show convergent morpho-anatomical adaptations for survival in coastal environments. This study investigates how ecological pressures and phylogenetic inheritance jointly influenced secondary xylem diversification across true mangroves and associate taxa. We develop a regional wood anatomical database for 49 true mangrove and associate taxa from the Indian Sundarbans and integrate wood anatomical and molecular data from 61 phylogenetically proximate non-mangrove relatives for broad evolutionary comparison. Divergence-time analyses trace lineage diversification, while discrete traits are analysed using Markov models and stochastic character mapping. Six quantitative wood traits are examined for phylogenetic signal (Blomberg’s K, Pagel’s λ), evolutionary rates and model parameters (β, OU α, κ, δ). Abouheif’s Cmean and Moran’s I are tested for phylogenetic autocorrelation. The time-calibrated phylogeny indicates multiple independent origins of mangrove genera (Late Cretaceous–Neogene), showing asynchronous diversification from non-mangrove ancestors. Ancestral state reconstructions reveal directional evolution in vessel perforations and fibre traits toward simplified, hydraulically efficient and mechanically specialized xylem, with few reversals. Axial parenchyma, ray, secretory inclusion traits exhibit high lability with frequent independent gains and losses. δ and β parameters most effectively detect phylogenetic dependence under increasing Brownian motion strength, while α, Moran’s I and Abouheif’s Cmean remain conservative. Comparative phylogenetic analyses reveal weak–moderate phylogenetic signal across quantitative wood traits, despite Pagel’s λ values being consistent with strong phylogenetic covariance. Elevated β values are consistent with accelerated trait divergence, whereas low α estimates reflect relatively weak stabilizing selection. Model comparisons indicate different traits evolved under distinct evolutionary scaling patterns, including Brownian-like covariance, proportional branch-length divergence and accelerated recent diversification. Together, these patterns indicate that mangrove secondary xylem evolution was shaped by both phylogenetic conservatism and ecological convergence.</p>

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A comparative phylogenetic approach on the evolution of mangroves’ wood traits

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Sreya Roy Parbat,
  • Nadir Sepay,
  • Dipak Kumar Parua,
  • Subir Bera

摘要

Mangroves, arising from multiple independent evolutionary lineages, show convergent morpho-anatomical adaptations for survival in coastal environments. This study investigates how ecological pressures and phylogenetic inheritance jointly influenced secondary xylem diversification across true mangroves and associate taxa. We develop a regional wood anatomical database for 49 true mangrove and associate taxa from the Indian Sundarbans and integrate wood anatomical and molecular data from 61 phylogenetically proximate non-mangrove relatives for broad evolutionary comparison. Divergence-time analyses trace lineage diversification, while discrete traits are analysed using Markov models and stochastic character mapping. Six quantitative wood traits are examined for phylogenetic signal (Blomberg’s K, Pagel’s λ), evolutionary rates and model parameters (β, OU α, κ, δ). Abouheif’s Cmean and Moran’s I are tested for phylogenetic autocorrelation. The time-calibrated phylogeny indicates multiple independent origins of mangrove genera (Late Cretaceous–Neogene), showing asynchronous diversification from non-mangrove ancestors. Ancestral state reconstructions reveal directional evolution in vessel perforations and fibre traits toward simplified, hydraulically efficient and mechanically specialized xylem, with few reversals. Axial parenchyma, ray, secretory inclusion traits exhibit high lability with frequent independent gains and losses. δ and β parameters most effectively detect phylogenetic dependence under increasing Brownian motion strength, while α, Moran’s I and Abouheif’s Cmean remain conservative. Comparative phylogenetic analyses reveal weak–moderate phylogenetic signal across quantitative wood traits, despite Pagel’s λ values being consistent with strong phylogenetic covariance. Elevated β values are consistent with accelerated trait divergence, whereas low α estimates reflect relatively weak stabilizing selection. Model comparisons indicate different traits evolved under distinct evolutionary scaling patterns, including Brownian-like covariance, proportional branch-length divergence and accelerated recent diversification. Together, these patterns indicate that mangrove secondary xylem evolution was shaped by both phylogenetic conservatism and ecological convergence.