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<p>The <i>SPL</i> gene family plays a crucial regulatory role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, research on the <i>SPL</i> gene family in gymnosperms remains limited. In this study, 12 <i>SPL</i> genes (<i>LkSPLs</i>) from <i>Larix kaempferi</i> were identified and cloned at the whole-genome level and conducted a comprehensive analysis of their sequence characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, conserved domains, <i>cis</i>-elements, and expression patterns. Phylogenetic characterization revealed the segregation of LkSPL proteins into five evolutionarily divergent clades, with constituent members of each cluster maintaining homologous motif organization profiles. Results revealed significant variations in exon–intron structures among <i>LkSPLs</i>, although all members contained conserved SBP domains. Notably, miR156s-binding site was newly identified in <i>LkSPL1</i>. Promoter analysis and hormone response patterns indicated that <i>LkSPLs</i> are transcriptionally regulated by hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA), and MeJA. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that <i>LkSPL4</i>, <i>LkSPL5, LkSPL6, LkSPL8, LkSPL10,</i> and <i>LkSPL11</i> were associated with the rapid proliferation and division of proembryogenic masses, while <i>LkSPL1</i> and <i>LkSPL10</i> potentially participated in embryonic morphogenesis. Most <i>LkSPLs</i> exhibited minimal transcript levels at 42d during somatic embryo maturation, coinciding with the onset of physiological dormancy. These findings suggest that <i>LkSPLs</i>, as transcription factors, may regulate key processes such as cell division, morphogenesis, maturation, and dormancy during somatic embryogenesis in <i>L. kaempferi</i>, potentially through the miR156/<i>SPL</i> module.</p>

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SPL gene family in Larix kaempferi: identification, functional analysis, and roles in somatic embryogenesis and hormonal regulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Xin Li,
  • Junchen Wang,
  • Yuqin Huang,
  • Chenghao Li,
  • Liwang Qi,
  • Lifeng Zhang

摘要

The SPL gene family plays a crucial regulatory role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, research on the SPL gene family in gymnosperms remains limited. In this study, 12 SPL genes (LkSPLs) from Larix kaempferi were identified and cloned at the whole-genome level and conducted a comprehensive analysis of their sequence characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, conserved domains, cis-elements, and expression patterns. Phylogenetic characterization revealed the segregation of LkSPL proteins into five evolutionarily divergent clades, with constituent members of each cluster maintaining homologous motif organization profiles. Results revealed significant variations in exon–intron structures among LkSPLs, although all members contained conserved SBP domains. Notably, miR156s-binding site was newly identified in LkSPL1. Promoter analysis and hormone response patterns indicated that LkSPLs are transcriptionally regulated by hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA), and MeJA. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that LkSPL4, LkSPL5, LkSPL6, LkSPL8, LkSPL10, and LkSPL11 were associated with the rapid proliferation and division of proembryogenic masses, while LkSPL1 and LkSPL10 potentially participated in embryonic morphogenesis. Most LkSPLs exhibited minimal transcript levels at 42d during somatic embryo maturation, coinciding with the onset of physiological dormancy. These findings suggest that LkSPLs, as transcription factors, may regulate key processes such as cell division, morphogenesis, maturation, and dormancy during somatic embryogenesis in L. kaempferi, potentially through the miR156/SPL module.