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Background <p>Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure face significant symptom burden, which must be considered in clinical practice. We previously reported the development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for the assessment of CKD symptoms and its impact in children aged 8–18&#xa0;years (PRO-Kid). This study aimed to assess the validity of modified PRO-Kid tools for children aged 2–7&#xa0;years.</p> Methods <p>The PRO-Kid questionnaire was modified for younger age groups. For children aged 5–7, the Likert scale was replaced with emojis. For children aged 2–4, the questionnaire was completed by a parent proxy. Parents of children aged 2–4 and children aged 5–7 with stages 3–5 CKD including those on dialysis, were recruited from five pediatric nephrology centers in Canada. Semi-structured cognitive interviews were performed during which participants completed the modified PRO-Kid tool and discussed their experience with the questionnaire. Interview notes were collected for content analysis.</p> Results <p>We recruited twenty-one participants, 11 in the 2–4-year&#xa0;age group, and 10 in the 5–7&#xa0;years age group. Analysis shows that the modified PRO-Kid was easy to complete and understand, and it captured the most relevant symptoms. Age groups diverged with respect to the 7-day recall period, with the caregivers of the 2–4-year age group preferring a longer recall period. The replacement of a Likert scale with emojis in the 5–7-year age group was well received and understood.</p> Conclusions <p>The modified PRO-Kid tool is acceptable as a PROM for assessment of symptoms related to CKD for 2–7-year-old children.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Adaptation and evaluation of PRO-Kid (patient-reported outcome measure for the assessment of symptoms burden in pediatric chronic kidney disease) for children aged 2–7 years

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Simone Dew,
  • Kimberley Widger,
  • Adam Rapoport,
  • Rahul Chanchlani,
  • Janis Dionne,
  • Susan Samuel,
  • Lorraine Hamiwka,
  • Ke Fan Bei,
  • Kelly Loverock,
  • Sara N. Davison,
  • Banke Oketola,
  • Allison B. Dart,
  • Mina Matsuda-Abedini

摘要

Background

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure face significant symptom burden, which must be considered in clinical practice. We previously reported the development and validation of a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for the assessment of CKD symptoms and its impact in children aged 8–18 years (PRO-Kid). This study aimed to assess the validity of modified PRO-Kid tools for children aged 2–7 years.

Methods

The PRO-Kid questionnaire was modified for younger age groups. For children aged 5–7, the Likert scale was replaced with emojis. For children aged 2–4, the questionnaire was completed by a parent proxy. Parents of children aged 2–4 and children aged 5–7 with stages 3–5 CKD including those on dialysis, were recruited from five pediatric nephrology centers in Canada. Semi-structured cognitive interviews were performed during which participants completed the modified PRO-Kid tool and discussed their experience with the questionnaire. Interview notes were collected for content analysis.

Results

We recruited twenty-one participants, 11 in the 2–4-year age group, and 10 in the 5–7 years age group. Analysis shows that the modified PRO-Kid was easy to complete and understand, and it captured the most relevant symptoms. Age groups diverged with respect to the 7-day recall period, with the caregivers of the 2–4-year age group preferring a longer recall period. The replacement of a Likert scale with emojis in the 5–7-year age group was well received and understood.

Conclusions

The modified PRO-Kid tool is acceptable as a PROM for assessment of symptoms related to CKD for 2–7-year-old children.

Graphical abstract