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Background <p>Virtual reality simulation training (VRST) has been shown to improve laparoscopic skills; however, evidence for structured simulation curricula remains limited. This study aimed to prospectively assess the effect of a structured VRST curriculum on laparoscopic performance in a porcine cholecystectomy model in novice surgeons.</p> Methods <p>In this single-blinded prospective study, novice surgical trainees (&lt; 3&#xa0;years of clinical experience) attending a basic laparoscopic course were allocated to either a structured, proficiency-based VRST curriculum or standard deliberate practice on the same simulator. Laparoscopic performance was assessed during a porcine laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C) by blinded raters using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and a numerical rating scale (NRS).</p> Results <p>Seventy-one participants were analyzed (19 intervention, 52 control). Trainees completing the structured VRST achieved significantly higher total GOALS scores compared with controls (median 17.6 vs. 14.0; <i>p</i> = 0.013). All GOALS subdomains -including depth perception, bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, and autonomy—were significantly improved in the intervention group. Subjective performance ratings were also higher following structured VRST (median NRS 6.7 vs. 4.8; <i>p</i> = 0.036). Inter-rater reliability for the GOALS score was good (ICC = 0.80).</p> Conclusion <p>Participation in a structured VR simulation curriculum improved laparoscopic performance during a standardized porcine cholecystectomy model post-test compared with deliberate practice. Integration of structured VRST curricula into surgical training programs may enhance early technical skill acquisition and procedural proficiency.</p>

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Effect of a structured virtual reality simulation curriculum on laparoscopic performance in a porcine cholecystectomy model: a prospective comparative study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Moritz B. Sparn,
  • Dimitrios Chatziisaak,
  • Bruno Schmied,
  • Walter Brunner,
  • Martina Vitz,
  • Lennard Ströse,
  • Dieter Hahnloser,
  • Stephan Bischofberger

摘要

Background

Virtual reality simulation training (VRST) has been shown to improve laparoscopic skills; however, evidence for structured simulation curricula remains limited. This study aimed to prospectively assess the effect of a structured VRST curriculum on laparoscopic performance in a porcine cholecystectomy model in novice surgeons.

Methods

In this single-blinded prospective study, novice surgical trainees (< 3 years of clinical experience) attending a basic laparoscopic course were allocated to either a structured, proficiency-based VRST curriculum or standard deliberate practice on the same simulator. Laparoscopic performance was assessed during a porcine laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C) by blinded raters using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and a numerical rating scale (NRS).

Results

Seventy-one participants were analyzed (19 intervention, 52 control). Trainees completing the structured VRST achieved significantly higher total GOALS scores compared with controls (median 17.6 vs. 14.0; p = 0.013). All GOALS subdomains -including depth perception, bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, and autonomy—were significantly improved in the intervention group. Subjective performance ratings were also higher following structured VRST (median NRS 6.7 vs. 4.8; p = 0.036). Inter-rater reliability for the GOALS score was good (ICC = 0.80).

Conclusion

Participation in a structured VR simulation curriculum improved laparoscopic performance during a standardized porcine cholecystectomy model post-test compared with deliberate practice. Integration of structured VRST curricula into surgical training programs may enhance early technical skill acquisition and procedural proficiency.