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Objective <p>Virtual reality (VR) simulators and 3D printed organ models are effective for laparoscopic skill acquisition independently. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic efficacy of a hybrid training program that combines both modalities.</p> Methods <p>Twenty-seven surgical novices, were randomized into three equal cohorts (VR, 3D, Hybrid). The hybrid cohort underwent a two-phase curriculum over 10&#xa0;weeks: VR simulation for weeks 1–5, followed by the 3D model for weeks 6–10. The final task was a laparoscopic colon end-to-end anastomosis on a porcine ex vivo model, which was video-recorded for blinded OSATS assessment. Primary outcomes included OSATS scores and procedure times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and post hoc tests. Learning curves were assessed using CUSUM analysis, and survey data were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests.</p> Results <p>OSATS scores: Hybrid vs. 3D vs. VR (30.67 ± 3.464 vs. 29.00 ± 3.640 vs. 24.78 ± 2.99, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.01). Procedure times were similar across groups: VR (120.33 ± 51.42&#xa0;min), 3D (119.56 ± 34.04&#xa0;min), Hybrid (135 ± 25.08&#xa0;min). Fluid leak test: VR group showed significantly higher fluid leakage and fluid leakage flow rate than hybrid and 3D (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Learning curve: Hybrid had shorter curve. Instrument handling: 3D and Hybrid outperformed VR (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Post-training surveys: 3D and Hybrid groups reported improvements in interest in surgery and confidence in laparoscopic skills (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). 3D cohort rated highest in confidence building, realism, and overall effectiveness (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01).</p> Conclusion <p>A hybrid curriculum enhances training outcomes compared to a VR-only curriculum, with 3D models showing particular strengths in optimizing skill acquisition. Integrating 3D printed models into a hybrid curriculum may shorten the learning curve and better prepare trainees for complex surgical tasks, expanding access to effective laparoscopic training.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A study comparing virtual reality simulation, 3D printed organ models and a combination of both for laparoscopy surgery skills acquisition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月15日

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  • Sidney Moses Amadi,
  • Jiyong Jing,
  • Rhoda Nzella,
  • Zhu Zhihao,
  • Chen Qi,
  • Rakshit Vadher,
  • Ayesha Sohail,
  • Muhammad Rayyan,
  • Zhifei Wang,
  • Jinlei Mao

摘要

Objective

Virtual reality (VR) simulators and 3D printed organ models are effective for laparoscopic skill acquisition independently. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic efficacy of a hybrid training program that combines both modalities.

Methods

Twenty-seven surgical novices, were randomized into three equal cohorts (VR, 3D, Hybrid). The hybrid cohort underwent a two-phase curriculum over 10 weeks: VR simulation for weeks 1–5, followed by the 3D model for weeks 6–10. The final task was a laparoscopic colon end-to-end anastomosis on a porcine ex vivo model, which was video-recorded for blinded OSATS assessment. Primary outcomes included OSATS scores and procedure times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square test, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and post hoc tests. Learning curves were assessed using CUSUM analysis, and survey data were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results

OSATS scores: Hybrid vs. 3D vs. VR (30.67 ± 3.464 vs. 29.00 ± 3.640 vs. 24.78 ± 2.99, P < 0.01). Procedure times were similar across groups: VR (120.33 ± 51.42 min), 3D (119.56 ± 34.04 min), Hybrid (135 ± 25.08 min). Fluid leak test: VR group showed significantly higher fluid leakage and fluid leakage flow rate than hybrid and 3D (p < 0.05). Learning curve: Hybrid had shorter curve. Instrument handling: 3D and Hybrid outperformed VR (p < 0.05). Post-training surveys: 3D and Hybrid groups reported improvements in interest in surgery and confidence in laparoscopic skills (p < 0.05). 3D cohort rated highest in confidence building, realism, and overall effectiveness (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

A hybrid curriculum enhances training outcomes compared to a VR-only curriculum, with 3D models showing particular strengths in optimizing skill acquisition. Integrating 3D printed models into a hybrid curriculum may shorten the learning curve and better prepare trainees for complex surgical tasks, expanding access to effective laparoscopic training.

Graphical Abstract