Minimal Roman Dominating Functions: Extensions and Enumeration

Roman domination is one of the many variants of domination that keeps most of the complexity features of the classical domination problem. We prove that Roman domination behaves differently in two aspects: enumeration and extension. We develop non-trivial enumeration algorithms for minimal Roman dominating functions with polynomial delay and polynomial space. Recall that the existence of a similar enumeration result for minimal dominating sets is open for decades. Our result is based on a polynomial-time algorithm for Extension Roman Domination: Given a graph \(G=(V,E)\) $G=(V,E)$ and a function \(f:V\rightarrow \{0,1,2\}\) $f:V\to \{0,1,2\}$ , is there a minimal Roman dominating function \(\tilde{f}\) $\tilde{f}$ with \(f\le \tilde{f}\) $f\le \tilde{f}$ ? Here, \(\le \) $\le$ lifts \(0< 1< 2\) $0<1<2$ pointwise; minimality is understood in this order. Our enumeration algorithm is also analyzed from an input-sensitive viewpoint, leading to a run-time estimate of \(\mathcal {O}(1.9332^n)\) $\mathcal{O}(1.{9332}^n)$ for graphs of order n; this is complemented by a lower bound example of \(\Omega (1.7441^n)\) $\mathrm{\Omega }(1.{7441}^n)$ .