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<p>A halotolerant yeast strain designated ZY was isolated from marine sediment and identified as <i>Candida tropicalis</i>, in the present study. The strain demonstrated efficient decolorization of multiple azo dyes under high-salinity conditions, with NaCl concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 110.0&#xa0;g/L. Through single-factor optimization, the growing cells of the yeast ZY achieved over 97% removal of the model azo dye Acid Red 3R (1600.0 µmol/L, approximately equivalent to 861.6&#xa0;mg/L) within 12&#xa0;h under the optimized conditions [sucrose 2.0&#xa0;g/L, (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0.2&#xa0;g/L, yeast extract 0.06&#xa0;g/L, NaCl 30.0&#xa0;g/L, 160&#xa0;rpm, 35&#xa0;°C, pH 6.0]. Acute toxicity assays indicated significant detoxification of the dye 3R after biodegradation. Activities of key enzymes, including NADH-DCIP reductase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase, were determined intracellularly. Metabolites and transcriptomics analysis revealed a proposed degradation pathway involving azo bond cleavage, hydroxylation, deamination, desulfurization, ring opening and ultimately mineralization via the TCA cycle. Comparative transcriptomics further revealed that the yeast ZY adapts to high salinity through cell wall remodeling, ion homeostasis, compatible solute accumulation and stress-responsive gene regulation. This study highlights the potential of the yeast ZY as a promising biocatalyst for treating saline azo dye wastewater.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Application potential of a marine-derived halotolerant yeast in saline azo dye wastewater treatment: elucidating degradation pathways and osmo-adaptive strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Zhiyu Dong,
  • Haiyun Zhang,
  • Bingwen Xu,
  • Xinmei Fu,
  • Liang Tan

摘要

A halotolerant yeast strain designated ZY was isolated from marine sediment and identified as Candida tropicalis, in the present study. The strain demonstrated efficient decolorization of multiple azo dyes under high-salinity conditions, with NaCl concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 110.0 g/L. Through single-factor optimization, the growing cells of the yeast ZY achieved over 97% removal of the model azo dye Acid Red 3R (1600.0 µmol/L, approximately equivalent to 861.6 mg/L) within 12 h under the optimized conditions [sucrose 2.0 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 0.2 g/L, yeast extract 0.06 g/L, NaCl 30.0 g/L, 160 rpm, 35 °C, pH 6.0]. Acute toxicity assays indicated significant detoxification of the dye 3R after biodegradation. Activities of key enzymes, including NADH-DCIP reductase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase, were determined intracellularly. Metabolites and transcriptomics analysis revealed a proposed degradation pathway involving azo bond cleavage, hydroxylation, deamination, desulfurization, ring opening and ultimately mineralization via the TCA cycle. Comparative transcriptomics further revealed that the yeast ZY adapts to high salinity through cell wall remodeling, ion homeostasis, compatible solute accumulation and stress-responsive gene regulation. This study highlights the potential of the yeast ZY as a promising biocatalyst for treating saline azo dye wastewater.

Graphical abstract