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<p>Odor emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), primarily driven by sulfur-containing compounds, represent a major environmental and operational challenge that requires effective mitigation strategies. The present study assessed the effectiveness of different strategies of sulfur-borne odor mitigation in the primary settler of a pilot-scale WWTP. The most effective technique was the dosing of the precipitating agent FeCl<sub>3</sub>, which showed removal efficiencies (REs) of 88.5 ± 7.3% for H<sub>2</sub>S and 63.3 ± 3.5% for methyl mercaptan (CH<sub>3</sub>SH), using an optimal Fe (III): S molar ratio of 2:1 based on the influent characteristics of the primary settler. The addition of oxidants (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, NaClO) in the primary settler demonstrated a low efficiency in mitigating sulfur-containing gas emissions, potentially due to the occurrence of scavenging reactions. However, chemical oxidation with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) exhibited a strong oxidative capacity, achieving a 98.2 ± 1.7% RE of total dissolved sulfides (S<sup>2−</sup>) at an estimated effective molar ratio of 16:1 (Cl: S). Biological oxidation of odorants induced by nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) addition and activated sludge recirculation demonstrated moderate efficiency, attributed to the enhanced growth of denitrifying bacteria, which led to a rapid NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> depletion and subsequent recovery of S<sup>2−</sup>.</p>

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A systematic study of mitigation strategies to prevent the emission of malodours from primary settlers in wastewater treatment plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Nataliia Kurnikova,
  • Manuel Toledo,
  • Raúl Muñoz

摘要

Odor emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), primarily driven by sulfur-containing compounds, represent a major environmental and operational challenge that requires effective mitigation strategies. The present study assessed the effectiveness of different strategies of sulfur-borne odor mitigation in the primary settler of a pilot-scale WWTP. The most effective technique was the dosing of the precipitating agent FeCl3, which showed removal efficiencies (REs) of 88.5 ± 7.3% for H2S and 63.3 ± 3.5% for methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), using an optimal Fe (III): S molar ratio of 2:1 based on the influent characteristics of the primary settler. The addition of oxidants (H2O2, NaClO) in the primary settler demonstrated a low efficiency in mitigating sulfur-containing gas emissions, potentially due to the occurrence of scavenging reactions. However, chemical oxidation with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) exhibited a strong oxidative capacity, achieving a 98.2 ± 1.7% RE of total dissolved sulfides (S2−) at an estimated effective molar ratio of 16:1 (Cl: S). Biological oxidation of odorants induced by nitrate (NO3−) addition and activated sludge recirculation demonstrated moderate efficiency, attributed to the enhanced growth of denitrifying bacteria, which led to a rapid NO3− depletion and subsequent recovery of S2−.