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<p>Recent fissure-fed eruptions from the Svartsengi Volcanic System have significantly impacted Iceland’s Reykjanes Peninsula. With eruptions likely to continue intermittently for decades to centuries, exploring the controls on the locations of fissure-fed eruptions is important for hazard assessment and risk mitigation. This study maps eruptive fissures from six eruptions from December 2023 to September 2024 using satellite and aerial imagery and observes fire-fountain height evolution for four eruptions using webcam footage. We find that fissure locations are heavily influenced by topography, including features parallel to fissure strike and features formed during previous eruptions. The maximum fire-fountain heights ranged from 56&#xa0;m during the January 2024 eruption to 133&#xa0;m during the August 2024 eruption. Variations in fire-fountain heights in a single eruption between different fissure segments, and through time, appear to primarily be controlled by surface vent size and dike pressurisation, both of which increase mass eruption rate and lead to higher fountains. Understanding the controls on fissure location highlights areas most vulnerable to future fissure opening, which can help inform ongoing hazard assessment and risk mitigation. Digital video capture of future eruptions from multiple angles would augment monitoring and help refine models of fire-fountain evolution.</p>

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Fissure locations and fire-fountain dynamics during the December 2023–September 2024 Svartsengi Volcanic System eruptions, Iceland, from aerial imagery and recreational webcam footage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Rebekah S. Rhodes,
  • David M. Pyle,
  • Tamsin A. Mather,
  • Gro B. M. Pedersen,
  • Michelle M. Parks

摘要

Recent fissure-fed eruptions from the Svartsengi Volcanic System have significantly impacted Iceland’s Reykjanes Peninsula. With eruptions likely to continue intermittently for decades to centuries, exploring the controls on the locations of fissure-fed eruptions is important for hazard assessment and risk mitigation. This study maps eruptive fissures from six eruptions from December 2023 to September 2024 using satellite and aerial imagery and observes fire-fountain height evolution for four eruptions using webcam footage. We find that fissure locations are heavily influenced by topography, including features parallel to fissure strike and features formed during previous eruptions. The maximum fire-fountain heights ranged from 56 m during the January 2024 eruption to 133 m during the August 2024 eruption. Variations in fire-fountain heights in a single eruption between different fissure segments, and through time, appear to primarily be controlled by surface vent size and dike pressurisation, both of which increase mass eruption rate and lead to higher fountains. Understanding the controls on fissure location highlights areas most vulnerable to future fissure opening, which can help inform ongoing hazard assessment and risk mitigation. Digital video capture of future eruptions from multiple angles would augment monitoring and help refine models of fire-fountain evolution.