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<p>Mauna Loa volcano erupted on November 27, 2022, after 38&#xa0;years of quiescence, marking the first eruption of the world’s largest active volcano since 1984. Precursory activity was characterized by escalating seismicity and ground deformation, with increased unrest beginning in mid-September 2022. At 22:24 HST, tilt and seismic alarms alerted Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff to escalating activity, signaling an imminent eruption. The eruption began at 23:21 HST with lava fountains exceeding 120&#xa0;m height in Mokuʻāweoweo caldera. En echelon fissures rapidly propagated northeastward across the caldera floor and southward into the upper Southwest Rift Zone. Summit activity peaked around 03:03 on November 28, 2022 and waned by 06:30. Fissure activity migrated into the Northeast Rift Zone with sequential opening of fissures (named NER_F1, NER_F2, NER_F3, and NER_F4). By December 1, fissure NER_F3A became the eruption’s dominant vent, characterized by sustained fountains of 25–40&#xa0;m height and building a 30–48&#xa0;m tall tephra cone. The eruption produced predominantly ʻaʻā lava flows extending 18&#xa0;km long downslope, covering 36 km<sup>2</sup> with a total volume of 142 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. Geochemical analyses revealed remarkably uniform bulk lava compositions across all eruptive locations. SO<sub>2</sub> emissions peaked at 363 kt/day on November 29, declining to undetectable levels by December 12. Activity declined markedly after December 7, with the eruption officially ending on December 12. The 2022 eruption characteristics—including duration (15&#xa0;days), area coverage (36 km<sup>2</sup>), volume, and flow length (18&#xa0;km long)—closely matched the average parameters of historical Northeast Rift Zone eruptions over the past 200&#xa0;years.</p>

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The 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa, Hawaiʻi: a synoptic and retrospective overview of the eruption

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Frank A. Trusdell,
  • Ninfa Bennington,
  • Drew Downs,
  • Jefferson Chang,
  • Peter Dotray,
  • Andria Ellis,
  • Patricia A. Nadeau,
  • Matthew Patrick,
  • Art Jolly,
  • Kendra J. Lynn,
  • Mike Zoeller,
  • Hannah Dietterich,
  • Natalia Deligne,
  • Katherine Mulliken,
  • Julie Chang,
  • Liliana Desmither,
  • Elisabeth Gallant,
  • Johanne Schmidth,
  • Cheryl Gansecki,
  • Tim Orr,
  • Carolyn Parcheta,
  • Brett Walker

摘要

Mauna Loa volcano erupted on November 27, 2022, after 38 years of quiescence, marking the first eruption of the world’s largest active volcano since 1984. Precursory activity was characterized by escalating seismicity and ground deformation, with increased unrest beginning in mid-September 2022. At 22:24 HST, tilt and seismic alarms alerted Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff to escalating activity, signaling an imminent eruption. The eruption began at 23:21 HST with lava fountains exceeding 120 m height in Mokuʻāweoweo caldera. En echelon fissures rapidly propagated northeastward across the caldera floor and southward into the upper Southwest Rift Zone. Summit activity peaked around 03:03 on November 28, 2022 and waned by 06:30. Fissure activity migrated into the Northeast Rift Zone with sequential opening of fissures (named NER_F1, NER_F2, NER_F3, and NER_F4). By December 1, fissure NER_F3A became the eruption’s dominant vent, characterized by sustained fountains of 25–40 m height and building a 30–48 m tall tephra cone. The eruption produced predominantly ʻaʻā lava flows extending 18 km long downslope, covering 36 km2 with a total volume of 142 × 106 m3. Geochemical analyses revealed remarkably uniform bulk lava compositions across all eruptive locations. SO2 emissions peaked at 363 kt/day on November 29, declining to undetectable levels by December 12. Activity declined markedly after December 7, with the eruption officially ending on December 12. The 2022 eruption characteristics—including duration (15 days), area coverage (36 km2), volume, and flow length (18 km long)—closely matched the average parameters of historical Northeast Rift Zone eruptions over the past 200 years.