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<p>This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week intrinsic foot muscle strengthening and a combined intrinsic-extrinsic foot muscle strengthening on foot posture, balance, and functional mobility in children aged 4 to 7 years with pes planovalgus. A total of 36 children with pes planovalgus were randomly assigned to either the intrinsic foot muscle strengthening group (IMSG) or intrinsic-extrinsic foot muscle strengthening group (IEMSG). Of these, 32 children completed the study. Both interventions lasted 8 weeks, consisting of supervised weekly sessions and a home exercise program. Outcome measures included foot posture assessments with navicular drop test (NDT) and foot posture index-6 (FPI-6), static and dynamic balance assessments with single-leg stance test (SLST) and timed up and go (TUG)&#xa0;test, and functional mobility assessments with sit-to-stand (STS) test&#xa0;and 6-min walk test (6MWT). Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in all parameters (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Between-group comparisons revealed significantly greater improvements in favor of the IEMSG across all parameters. The analysis of foot posture measurements revealed statistically significant group-by-time interactions in favor of the IEMSG for NDT and FPI-6 results on both right (NDT: ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.13, FPI-6: ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.13) and left sides (NDT: ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.15, FPI-6: ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.26). Furthermore, IEMSG showed superior effects in SLST (ηp<sup>2</sup> = 0.27). </p><p><i>&#xa0; Conclusion</i>: This study demonstrates that both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle strengthening programs can significantly enhance foot posture, balance, and mobility in children aged 4 to 7 years with pes planovalgus. The superior outcomes achieved by the IEMSG program underscore the importance of integrated muscle training in early physiotherapeutic interventions.</p><p><i>Trial registration</i>: This study was approved by the Bezmialem Vakif University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (approval no: 168537, date: 12.10.2024) and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under the registration number NCT06548750 (date: 08.08.2024).</p>

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Intrinsic vs. combined foot muscle strengthening for pes planovalgus in children aged 4–7 years: a randomized controlled trial

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Deniz Tuncer,
  • Aysenur Erekdag,
  • Hakan Senaran,
  • Gokcer Uzer

摘要

This study aimed to compare the effects of an 8-week intrinsic foot muscle strengthening and a combined intrinsic-extrinsic foot muscle strengthening on foot posture, balance, and functional mobility in children aged 4 to 7 years with pes planovalgus. A total of 36 children with pes planovalgus were randomly assigned to either the intrinsic foot muscle strengthening group (IMSG) or intrinsic-extrinsic foot muscle strengthening group (IEMSG). Of these, 32 children completed the study. Both interventions lasted 8 weeks, consisting of supervised weekly sessions and a home exercise program. Outcome measures included foot posture assessments with navicular drop test (NDT) and foot posture index-6 (FPI-6), static and dynamic balance assessments with single-leg stance test (SLST) and timed up and go (TUG) test, and functional mobility assessments with sit-to-stand (STS) test and 6-min walk test (6MWT). Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in all parameters (p < 0.001). Between-group comparisons revealed significantly greater improvements in favor of the IEMSG across all parameters. The analysis of foot posture measurements revealed statistically significant group-by-time interactions in favor of the IEMSG for NDT and FPI-6 results on both right (NDT: ηp2 = 0.13, FPI-6: ηp2 = 0.13) and left sides (NDT: ηp2 = 0.15, FPI-6: ηp2 = 0.26). Furthermore, IEMSG showed superior effects in SLST (ηp2 = 0.27).

  Conclusion: This study demonstrates that both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle strengthening programs can significantly enhance foot posture, balance, and mobility in children aged 4 to 7 years with pes planovalgus. The superior outcomes achieved by the IEMSG program underscore the importance of integrated muscle training in early physiotherapeutic interventions.

Trial registration: This study was approved by the Bezmialem Vakif University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (approval no: 168537, date: 12.10.2024) and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under the registration number NCT06548750 (date: 08.08.2024).